What if Israel Annexes the West Bank and Lets Palestinians Vote

Palis in the West Bank are TODAY more prosperous than most of the rest of the Arab world.. Declared "middle class" in comparison to the world population by the World Bank.. Lots of wealth and money and infrastructure in the West Bank that goes with middle class status.. They have their own stock exchange, universities and sports clubs..

Some of the housing there rivals the US middle class standards...
OK, but working for foreign companies should not be their economic model. And besides, where would those who owned farms work?

Trade and employment with foreign business is an essential aspect of modern economy.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.

That said, Israel is becoming a world leader in the transformation towards modern urbanized agriculture technologies. It's a huge business with great potential, no less than the High-Tech industry.

If you want the world economy to return to the 7th century just for the Arabs to "feel comfortable",
this won't happen. They have to be competent in the real world.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.
Any country that cannot feed its people is at the whims of others. That is a precarious position.
Islamic terrorists spending their welfare money on the tunnel
gee-had will have less welfare money for agriculture.
Stupid post.

You can't grow food on money. You grow food on land.

When all of your land is stolen, you are out of business.

The world is beyond "subsistence" living... Except for "greenie intellectuals" that live in tall apartment building and have never SEEN where their food actually comes from... You have a romantic concept of what keeps Palis or any other people fed...

Working a single hectare of land by hand feeds virtually only a few people.. You know most farmers in the west have college degrees in agriculture and maybe even an Masters in Business.. THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....
 
OK, but working for foreign companies should not be their economic model. And besides, where would those who owned farms work?

Trade and employment with foreign business is an essential aspect of modern economy.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.

That said, Israel is becoming a world leader in the transformation towards modern urbanized agriculture technologies. It's a huge business with great potential, no less than the High-Tech industry.

If you want the world economy to return to the 7th century just for the Arabs to "feel comfortable",
this won't happen. They have to be competent in the real world.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.
Any country that cannot feed its people is at the whims of others. That is a precarious position.
Islamic terrorists spending their welfare money on the tunnel
gee-had will have less welfare money for agriculture.
Stupid post.

You can't grow food on money. You grow food on land.

When all of your land is stolen, you are out of business.

The world is beyond "subsistence" living... Except for "greenie intellectuals" that live in tall apartment building and have never SEEN where their food actually comes from... You have a romantic concept of what keeps Palis or any other people fed...

Working a single hectare of land by hand feeds virtually only a few people.. You know most farmers in the west have college degrees in agriculture and maybe even an Masters in Business.. THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....


Yes. And ask why some people are romanticizing subsistence farming. It’s another way to pretend victimization.
 
Trade and employment with foreign business is an essential aspect of modern economy.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.

That said, Israel is becoming a world leader in the transformation towards modern urbanized agriculture technologies. It's a huge business with great potential, no less than the High-Tech industry.

If you want the world economy to return to the 7th century just for the Arabs to "feel comfortable",
this won't happen. They have to be competent in the real world.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.
Any country that cannot feed its people is at the whims of others. That is a precarious position.
Islamic terrorists spending their welfare money on the tunnel
gee-had will have less welfare money for agriculture.
Stupid post.

You can't grow food on money. You grow food on land.

When all of your land is stolen, you are out of business.

The world is beyond "subsistence" living... Except for "greenie intellectuals" that live in tall apartment building and have never SEEN where their food actually comes from... You have a romantic concept of what keeps Palis or any other people fed...

Working a single hectare of land by hand feeds virtually only a few people.. You know most farmers in the west have college degrees in agriculture and maybe even an Masters in Business.. THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....


Yes. And ask why some people are romanticizing subsistence farming. It’s another way to pretend victimization.


All I can see when I think about this romance is THIS...




Are you as "shook" as this apartment dweller congress woman that is amazed by seeds growing in rooftop box??? Without even HER HELP???

Kinda sums up the romance about subsistence or sustainable anything.... LOL....
 
OK, but working for foreign companies should not be their economic model. And besides, where would those who owned farms work?

Trade and employment with foreign business is an essential aspect of modern economy.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.

That said, Israel is becoming a world leader in the transformation towards modern urbanized agriculture technologies. It's a huge business with great potential, no less than the High-Tech industry.

If you want the world economy to return to the 7th century just for the Arabs to "feel comfortable",
this won't happen. They have to be competent in the real world.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.
Any country that cannot feed its people is at the whims of others. That is a precarious position.
Islamic terrorists spending their welfare money on the tunnel
gee-had will have less welfare money for agriculture.
Stupid post.

You can't grow food on money. You grow food on land.

When all of your land is stolen, you are out of business.

The world is beyond "subsistence" living... Except for "greenie intellectuals" that live in tall apartment building and have never SEEN where their food actually comes from... You have a romantic concept of what keeps Palis or any other people fed...

Working a single hectare of land by hand feeds virtually only a few people.. You know most farmers in the west have college degrees in agriculture and maybe even an Masters in Business.. THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....
Palestine was an exporter of food.
THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....
That is Israel's plan. Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.
 
Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.

No they weren't.. Where do think those hospitals and universities came from? They were there BEFORE the war.. You have a very clouded view of life in Palestine Today even if you DID author that thread and post for 50 pages or so...

Doesn't matter what amount of food anyone exports.. What matters is what the import/export BALANCE is..
 
Palestine’s Top 10 Exports

  1. Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos: US$176.7 million (19.1% of total exports)
  2. Furniture, bedding, lighting, signs, prefab buildings: $101.7 million (11%)
  3. Plastics, plastic articles: $78.5 million (8.5%)
  4. Vegetables: $60.8 million (6.6%)
  5. Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $48 million (5.2%)
  6. Tobacco, manufactured substitutes: $34.5 million (3.7%)
  7. Footwear: $33.1 million (3.6%)
  8. Wood: $29.7 million (3.2%)
  9. Iron, steel: $27.9 million (3%)
  10. Fruits, nuts: $24.3 million (2.6%)
Not sure I'd invest in the Pali stock market tho if their LARGEST exports include ASBESTOS and TOBACCO...

Just sayin''..

Palestinians are BIG on architecture and building design.. They have mad skills.. They are not the shepards and farmers that you imagine...
 
Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.

No they weren't.. Where do think those hospitals and universities came from? They were there BEFORE the war.. You have a very clouded view of life in Palestine Today even if you DID author that thread and post for 50 pages or so...

Doesn't matter what amount of food anyone exports.. What matters is what the import/export BALANCE is..
I hear that Palestine had a positive balance of trade.
 
Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.

No they weren't.. Where do think those hospitals and universities came from? They were there BEFORE the war.. You have a very clouded view of life in Palestine Today even if you DID author that thread and post for 50 pages or so...

Doesn't matter what amount of food anyone exports.. What matters is what the import/export BALANCE is..
I hear that Palestine had a positive balance of trade.

They MIGHT. I don't know.. BUT -- not if you include Gaza...

Problem IS their 80% "trading partner" is only Israel and that's not a fair trade situation considering Israel can manipulate what they produce and bring to market in many ways..

On the bright side, a lot of mutual dependencies are developing which is GREAT for relations between the two of them...

Part of what I'm proposing gives them direct access to the world for trade and commerce. With the help of Jordan and Egypt as well as Israel...
 
Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.

No they weren't.. Where do think those hospitals and universities came from? They were there BEFORE the war.. You have a very clouded view of life in Palestine Today even if you DID author that thread and post for 50 pages or so...

Doesn't matter what amount of food anyone exports.. What matters is what the import/export BALANCE is..
I hear that Palestine had a positive balance of trade.

They MIGHT. I don't know.. BUT -- not if you include Gaza...

Problem IS their 80% "trading partner" is only Israel and that's not a fair trade situation considering Israel can manipulate what they produce and bring to market in many ways..

On the bright side, a lot of mutual dependencies are developing which is GREAT for relations between the two of them...

Part of what I'm proposing gives them direct access to the world for trade and commerce. With the help of Jordan and Egypt as well as Israel...
Well, that was before Israel destroyed the holy land.
 
Trade and employment with foreign business is an essential aspect of modern economy.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.

That said, Israel is becoming a world leader in the transformation towards modern urbanized agriculture technologies. It's a huge business with great potential, no less than the High-Tech industry.

If you want the world economy to return to the 7th century just for the Arabs to "feel comfortable",
this won't happen. They have to be competent in the real world.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.
Any country that cannot feed its people is at the whims of others. That is a precarious position.
Islamic terrorists spending their welfare money on the tunnel
gee-had will have less welfare money for agriculture.
Stupid post.

You can't grow food on money. You grow food on land.

When all of your land is stolen, you are out of business.

The world is beyond "subsistence" living... Except for "greenie intellectuals" that live in tall apartment building and have never SEEN where their food actually comes from... You have a romantic concept of what keeps Palis or any other people fed...

Working a single hectare of land by hand feeds virtually only a few people.. You know most farmers in the west have college degrees in agriculture and maybe even an Masters in Business.. THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....
Palestine was an exporter of food.
THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....
That is Israel's plan. Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.

The Ottoman Caliphate was, not Palestine.
The commerce was largely based on ancient Roman roads, which were kept in the condition that they left it, and the Gaza port, which was too traditionally owned by Jews.

It never functioned as an independent country under Arab-Muslim rule.
And it's not independence they're looking for.
 
Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.

No they weren't.. Where do think those hospitals and universities came from? They were there BEFORE the war.. You have a very clouded view of life in Palestine Today even if you DID author that thread and post for 50 pages or so...

Doesn't matter what amount of food anyone exports.. What matters is what the import/export BALANCE is..
I hear that Palestine had a positive balance of trade.

They MIGHT. I don't know.. BUT -- not if you include Gaza...

Problem IS their 80% "trading partner" is only Israel and that's not a fair trade situation considering Israel can manipulate what they produce and bring to market in many ways..

On the bright side, a lot of mutual dependencies are developing which is GREAT for relations between the two of them...

Part of what I'm proposing gives them direct access to the world for trade and commerce. With the help of Jordan and Egypt as well as Israel...
Well, that was before Israel destroyed the holy land.

For thousands of years, this country wasn't as prosperous as it is today.
Under Arab-Muslim rule it remained a secondary district, and the most impoverished and neglected of them all compared to the rest of the Caliphate.

Even the large Muslim presence on the Temple Mount, was a function of re-constitution of Israel.

al_aqsa_repairs_1.jpg

rafters_al_aqsa_1.jpg


With all the pilgrims moving through the land, there were weeds on the floors.
And the only Arabs who took interest were Waqf guards and those employed by Jews to carry them above the ground when on the mountain on a rare occasion.

All a function of Israel's revival.
 
Last edited:
Trade and employment with foreign business is an essential aspect of modern economy.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.

That said, Israel is becoming a world leader in the transformation towards modern urbanized agriculture technologies. It's a huge business with great potential, no less than the High-Tech industry.

If you want the world economy to return to the 7th century just for the Arabs to "feel comfortable",
this won't happen. They have to be competent in the real world.
Farming is unfortunately becoming less and less sustainable in the broad sense,
and especially given the tiny land mass.
Any country that cannot feed its people is at the whims of others. That is a precarious position.
Islamic terrorists spending their welfare money on the tunnel
gee-had will have less welfare money for agriculture.
Stupid post.

You can't grow food on money. You grow food on land.

When all of your land is stolen, you are out of business.

The world is beyond "subsistence" living... Except for "greenie intellectuals" that live in tall apartment building and have never SEEN where their food actually comes from... You have a romantic concept of what keeps Palis or any other people fed...

Working a single hectare of land by hand feeds virtually only a few people.. You know most farmers in the west have college degrees in agriculture and maybe even an Masters in Business.. THAT is what it takes to sustain a population where 85% of them live in the DENSE URBAN cities....


Yes. And ask why some people are romanticizing subsistence farming. It’s another way to pretend victimization.

That and having a Feudal system as the romanticized ideal for historic re-construction.
Because this is basically what was the Caliphate rule was, and as my Rabbi likes to point out "What people had then? Malaria! And a single set of cloth to wear all life" - this is literally and figuratively.

That's what Muslims openly preach in the Al-Aqsa mosque, that and taking back Rome.
Kinda nostalgia...
 
Many of them or most of them were farmers before Israel stole their land.

No they weren't.. Where do think those hospitals and universities came from? They were there BEFORE the war.. You have a very clouded view of life in Palestine Today even if you DID author that thread and post for 50 pages or so...

Doesn't matter what amount of food anyone exports.. What matters is what the import/export BALANCE is..
I hear that Palestine had a positive balance of trade.

They MIGHT. I don't know.. BUT -- not if you include Gaza...

Problem IS their 80% "trading partner" is only Israel and that's not a fair trade situation considering Israel can manipulate what they produce and bring to market in many ways..

On the bright side, a lot of mutual dependencies are developing which is GREAT for relations between the two of them...

Part of what I'm proposing gives them direct access to the world for trade and commerce. With the help of Jordan and Egypt as well as Israel...
Well, that was before Israel destroyed the holy land.

Interesting that you call it the "Holy Land." It was the Holy Land for Jews before it was that for the Christians and Muslims (whose real Holy Land is Saudi Arabia anyway where Mecca is located). And it's because of the Jews that it even became a Holy Land to those 2 other faiths. And Israel didn't "destroy" the Holy Land, lol. It built cities and drained swamps, and kept all the holy sites in pristine condition. Which is alot more than I can say for the Arabs.
 
Legitimacy, ability to better govern the region and all it's people under one legal system.

It hit me when I looked at what flac called the measles map. It isn't just Palestinian violence that caused the erosion of a 2 state solution. I don't think Israel ever seriously intended for it to happen. The map starkly refutes it. Given that neither side, imo, is capable of honoring it.. what is left? The status quo?

Gaza can be a state eventually. But maybe WB should just be annexed.

Imo you cannot claim " legitimacy " by breaking the law. You cannot expect anyone to recognize as legitimate a crime against another just because they have been allowed to get away with it for decades.

If some people are only just now coming to the conclusion that Israel/Zionism never had any intention of honouring a two state soution, historical acceptance( Peel/UN partition ) was privately admitted as a stepping stone for the Jewish state by the likes of Ben Gurion and co , that shouldn't mean they should just capitulate to Israeli regional hegemony/propaganda and reject the rights of others.


If both sides are incapable of resolving it by themselves or with eachother there is always the option to put pressure on the US to stop it using its veto power in order to scupper the application of international law , in line with the decades long overwhelming international consensus and have the UN/ICJ sit both sides down an attempt a just resolution of the conflict based on international law instead of the status quo which is nothing but might is right.

I respect your willingness to offer a solution , I just think it lacks balance , justice and is a de facto encouragement for more international crimes being committed by states in the future , further undermining existing international law.

If people want to resolve the conflict to end the suffering they should use and support the application of international law which is the correct mechanism for setting out the framework and offering a more just resolution than the might is right alternative.
 
Legitimacy, ability to better govern the region and all it's people under one legal system.

It hit me when I looked at what flac called the measles map. It isn't just Palestinian violence that caused the erosion of a 2 state solution. I don't think Israel ever seriously intended for it to happen. The map starkly refutes it. Given that neither side, imo, is capable of honoring it.. what is left? The status quo?

Gaza can be a state eventually. But maybe WB should just be annexed.

Imo you cannot claim " legitimacy " by breaking the law. You cannot expect anyone to recognize as legitimate a crime against another just because they have been allowed to get away with it for decades.

If some people are only just now coming to the conclusion that Israel/Zionism never had any intention of honouring a two state soution, historical acceptance( Peel/UN partition ) was privately admitted as a stepping stone for the Jewish state by the likes of Ben Gurion and co , that shouldn't mean they should just capitulate to Israeli regional hegemony/propaganda and reject the rights of others.


If both sides are incapable of resolving it by themselves or with eachother there is always the option to put pressure on the US to stop it using its veto power in order to scupper the application of international law , in line with the decades long overwhelming international consensus and have the UN/ICJ sit both sides down an attempt a just resolution of the conflict based on international law instead of the status quo which is nothing but might is right.

I respect your willingness to offer a solution , I just think it lacks balance , justice and is a de facto encouragement for more international crimes being committed by states in the future , further undermining existing international law.

If people want to resolve the conflict to end the suffering they should use and support the application of international law which is the correct mechanism for setting out the framework and offering a more just resolution than the might is right alternative.

You confuse international law with popular vote in the UN.
It is illegal to prevent Jewish settlement and sovereignty in Judea.

The US itself is bound by the Balfour Declaration and Mandate terms Constitutionally.
 
Legitimacy, ability to better govern the region and all it's people under one legal system.

It hit me when I looked at what flac called the measles map. It isn't just Palestinian violence that caused the erosion of a 2 state solution. I don't think Israel ever seriously intended for it to happen. The map starkly refutes it. Given that neither side, imo, is capable of honoring it.. what is left? The status quo?

Gaza can be a state eventually. But maybe WB should just be annexed.

Imo you cannot claim " legitimacy " by breaking the law. You cannot expect anyone to recognize as legitimate a crime against another just because they have been allowed to get away with it for decades.

If some people are only just now coming to the conclusion that Israel/Zionism never had any intention of honouring a two state soution, historical acceptance( Peel/UN partition ) was privately admitted as a stepping stone for the Jewish state by the likes of Ben Gurion and co , that shouldn't mean they should just capitulate to Israeli regional hegemony/propaganda and reject the rights of others.


If both sides are incapable of resolving it by themselves or with eachother there is always the option to put pressure on the US to stop it using its veto power in order to scupper the application of international law , in line with the decades long overwhelming international consensus and have the UN/ICJ sit both sides down an attempt a just resolution of the conflict based on international law instead of the status quo which is nothing but might is right.

I respect your willingness to offer a solution , I just think it lacks balance , justice and is a de facto encouragement for more international crimes being committed by states in the future , further undermining existing international law.

If people want to resolve the conflict to end the suffering they should use and support the application of international law which is the correct mechanism for setting out the framework and offering a more just resolution than the might is right alternative.
If people want to resolve the conflict to end the suffering they should use and support the application of international law which is the correct mechanism for setting out the framework and offering a more just resolution than the might is right alternative.
It is interesting that the Palestinians always call for a solution based on international law and UN resolutions.

Israel says: We don't need no steenking law.
 
Israel is not responsible for solving the "Palestinian issue".

It most definitely is partially responsible. If you decide to occupy another people you have a whole host of LEGAL responsibilities along with contractual responsibilites as per the conventions and charters it voluntarily agreed to commit to.

If Israel cannot sort it out with the Palestinians, as looks likely, it should go to the UN and ICJ imo and the relevant mechanism should be used to resolve the conflict
 
Legitimacy, ability to better govern the region and all it's people under one legal system.

It hit me when I looked at what flac called the measles map. It isn't just Palestinian violence that caused the erosion of a 2 state solution. I don't think Israel ever seriously intended for it to happen. The map starkly refutes it. Given that neither side, imo, is capable of honoring it.. what is left? The status quo?

Gaza can be a state eventually. But maybe WB should just be annexed.

Imo you cannot claim " legitimacy " by breaking the law. You cannot expect anyone to recognize as legitimate a crime against another just because they have been allowed to get away with it for decades.

If some people are only just now coming to the conclusion that Israel/Zionism never had any intention of honouring a two state soution, historical acceptance( Peel/UN partition ) was privately admitted as a stepping stone for the Jewish state by the likes of Ben Gurion and co , that shouldn't mean they should just capitulate to Israeli regional hegemony/propaganda and reject the rights of others.


If both sides are incapable of resolving it by themselves or with eachother there is always the option to put pressure on the US to stop it using its veto power in order to scupper the application of international law , in line with the decades long overwhelming international consensus and have the UN/ICJ sit both sides down an attempt a just resolution of the conflict based on international law instead of the status quo which is nothing but might is right.

I respect your willingness to offer a solution , I just think it lacks balance , justice and is a de facto encouragement for more international crimes being committed by states in the future , further undermining existing international law.

If people want to resolve the conflict to end the suffering they should use and support the application of international law which is the correct mechanism for setting out the framework and offering a more just resolution than the might is right alternative.

The Palestinians also never had any intention of honoring a two-state solution. Why do you only say Israel?
 
Legitimacy, ability to better govern the region and all it's people under one legal system.

It hit me when I looked at what flac called the measles map. It isn't just Palestinian violence that caused the erosion of a 2 state solution. I don't think Israel ever seriously intended for it to happen. The map starkly refutes it. Given that neither side, imo, is capable of honoring it.. what is left? The status quo?

Gaza can be a state eventually. But maybe WB should just be annexed.

Imo you cannot claim " legitimacy " by breaking the law. You cannot expect anyone to recognize as legitimate a crime against another just because they have been allowed to get away with it for decades.

If some people are only just now coming to the conclusion that Israel/Zionism never had any intention of honouring a two state soution, historical acceptance( Peel/UN partition ) was privately admitted as a stepping stone for the Jewish state by the likes of Ben Gurion and co , that shouldn't mean they should just capitulate to Israeli regional hegemony/propaganda and reject the rights of others.


If both sides are incapable of resolving it by themselves or with eachother there is always the option to put pressure on the US to stop it using its veto power in order to scupper the application of international law , in line with the decades long overwhelming international consensus and have the UN/ICJ sit both sides down an attempt a just resolution of the conflict based on international law instead of the status quo which is nothing but might is right.

I respect your willingness to offer a solution , I just think it lacks balance , justice and is a de facto encouragement for more international crimes being committed by states in the future , further undermining existing international law.

If people want to resolve the conflict to end the suffering they should use and support the application of international law which is the correct mechanism for setting out the framework and offering a more just resolution than the might is right alternative.
If people want to resolve the conflict to end the suffering they should use and support the application of international law which is the correct mechanism for setting out the framework and offering a more just resolution than the might is right alternative.
It is interesting that the Palestinians always call for a solution based on international law and UN resolutions.

Israel says: We don't need no steenking law.
Another one confusing international law with popular vote in the UN.
That's barely an argument with 22 Arab states.
 
You confuse international law with popular vote in the UN.
It is illegal to prevent Jewish settlement and sovereignty in Judea.

The US itself is bound by the Balfour Declaration and Mandate terms Constitutionally.

I count the two as seperate events but see the justice and pragmatism in both as the better option for conflict resolution

The reason why the UNGA November vote at the UN is so massively popular is because it is seen as a just framework with which to engender a lasting resolution of the conflict

Nope, there are numerous UNGA and UNSC resolutions that have been applied to the situation wrt Israel/Palestine the latter being legally binding.

If we were to see the US veto blocking this chance of progress being removed then there would be the opportunity for the legal battle required to ascertain what is applicable and what is not. I am more inclined to accept the view of experts from both sides/all sides in international law than some random blogger on an anonymous board.

We need that legal wrangle and a definitive verdict to set the parameters for debate

And,there are moral as well as legal considerations imo that trump such an aged and blatantly racist /colonialist justification than that of the Balfour declaration which is what when you break it down ?

The gifting of the land of one people to another by yet another still.If that's what you want to set your moral compass by in the year 2020 be my guest but it seems morally retarded by contemporary moral standards
 

Forum List

Back
Top