COVID-19’s Biological Politics

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We have already noted Mengla filovirus found in Rousettus in Mengla County, Yunnan, and linked it in that county to the extermination of the last indochinese tiger. The COVID-19-infected Bronx Zoo tiger we compared with the Thylacoleonids, including Wakaleo vanderleuri from the Etadunna Formation, New South Wales.

Continuing on the cat family trajectory, here we link Mengla County to New South Wales:

Sep 2016 Bat-Derived Cross-Family Recombinant Coronavirus with a Reovirus Gene

A Bat-Derived Putative Cross-Family Recombinant Coronavirus with a Reovirus Gene - PubMed

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 has generated enormous interest in the biodiversity, genomics and cross-species transmission potential of coronaviruses, especially those from...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

1. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
2. Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin, China
3. Chinese Center for Disease Control, Beijing
4. China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
5. Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Center, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.‘

Now extinct Thylacoleonids of New South Wales may link to the Bronx Zoo tiger via coronavirus infection.

 

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Completing the co-authorship list in post #481, is entry #6, linking the exctinct Indochinese tiger at Mengla to Australian thylacoleonids of New South Wales and the Mengla filovirus from Rousettus:

6. Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Mengla County, Mengla Yunnan, China.

 

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Feb 2018 Fruit Bats Yunnan

Longitudinal Surveillance of Betacoronaviruses in Fruit Bats in Yunnan Province, China During 2009-2016 - PubMed

Previous studies indicated that fruit bats carry two betacoronaviruses, BatCoV HKU9 and BatCoV GCCDC1. To investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of these coronaviruses, we conducted a longitudinal surveillance in fruit bats in Yunnan province, China during 2009-2016. A total of 59...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Eco Health Alliance....Wuhan Institute of Virology

Mar 2016 Coronavirus Infection and Diversity in the Australasian Region

Coronavirus Infection and Diversity in Bats in the Australasian Region - PubMed

Following the SARS outbreak, extensive surveillance was undertaken globally to detect and identify coronavirus diversity in bats. This study sought to identify the diversity and prevalence of coronaviruses in bats in the Australasian region. We identified four different genotypes of coronavirus...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Eco Health Alliance, New York, N.Y....Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.’

 

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Post #479 for LYRa11 continues, as we’ll now link COVID-19 P.1 Brazil-Japan variant mutation at position 417:

’In this process, two critical amino acid residues on RBM (479N and 487T) determine the efficiency of receptor binding since substitution of both abolishes viral binding to human ACE2, thereby abrogating viral infection. Substitution of either residue alone, however, has no significant impact on human ACE2 binding. Of significance is the fact that the S1 domain of bat SARS-like CoVs reported before 2013 has a very low nucleotide similarity to that of SARS-CoVs, and there are several key deletions and mutations in their RBM which distinguish them from SARS-CoVs and make them incapable of infecting humans and civets via binding to ACE2.....In contrast, LYRa11 and Rs3367 have no deletions and have almost completely the same sequence as SARS-CoVs. Of the two critical residues in RBM that play key roles in receptor recognition and enhancement of receptor binding, only one mutation, T487N, was observed in LYRa11 and Rs3367 compared with SARS-CoVs.’

We have already noted in this thread, that the CDC variants page has altered its original entry for the P.1 Brazil-Japan variant mutation. Originally reading ‘K417N/T,’ it was altered to ‘K417T.’ This original K417N/T mutation that was changed, links (both [italics]) N and T to the mu-opioid receptor for fentanyl, and to the Johnson & Johnson vaccine (via Janssen Pharmaceutica, Belgium, and the fentanyl report, again from Belgium).

 

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Antibodies produced by the vaccine transfers to the fetus:

May 2021 Israel

Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine - PubMed

BACKGROUNDThe significant risks posed to mothers and fetuses by COVID-19 in pregnancy have sparked a worldwide debate surrounding the pros and cons of antenatal SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, as we lack sufficient evidence regarding vaccine effectiveness in pregnant women and their offspring. We aimed...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’BNT162B2 mRNA vaccination induces a robust maternal humoral response that effectively transfers to the fetus.’

SARS-CoV-2 Transplacental Transmission

SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Placental Pathology - PubMed

Placental pathophysiology in SARS-CoV-2 infection can help researchers understand more about the infection and its impact on the maternal/neonatal outcomes. This brief review provides an overview about some aspects of the placental pathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In total, 11 papers were...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

‘Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection is unlikely to occur, probably due to a low expression of the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in placental cell types.’

SARS-CoV-2 Transplacental Transmission

PubMed

PubMed® comprises more than 36 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can cause placental inflammation, ischemia and neonatal viremia, with complications such as preterm labor and damage to the placental barrier in patients with PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism.’

 

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Still following the cat trajectory, we will link CMD and hyperostosis, mentioned earlier, to the lower jaw of Australian thylacoleonid Wakaleo, for developmental aspects of the saber-tooth, then link it to human leontiasis via the ANKH gene, also previously mentioned in the thread. Please stay tuned.

 

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Daszak of Eco Health Alliance doesn’t tell the whole story of parasites of giant panda:

7 Dec 2007 Giant Pandas Under Threat From Parasitic Worm

Giant pandas under threat from parasitic worm

Disease caused by an unknown parasite is the single greatest cause of death in wild giant pandas, according to a study of post-mortems

www.newscientist.com

‘....Baylisascaris schroederi....The last members of a Polynesian land snail were killed by a parasite at the London Zoo at 5:30 P.M., 1 Jan 1996.’

Shope, Rockefeller Institute, Princeton, N. J., Feb 1943

THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS : III. FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS AND THE PROVOCATION OF INFLUENZA - PubMed

1. During a 3 year study of the lungworm as intermediate host for the swine influenza virus 98 transmission experiments, using 216 swine, have been conducted. Of these, 50 gave negative results. In the remaining 48, transmission of swine influenza virus by way of the lungworm was demonstrated in...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....During May, June, July and August, swine prepared by the ingestion of lungworms carrying virus were absolutely refractory....two varieties of a single species of earthworm, namely, Allolobophra caliginosa f. typica (Savigny) and A. caliginosa f. trapezoides (Duges) have been found separately capable of serving as intermediate hosts for virus-infected lungworms. Lungworm ova, obtained from convalescent swine which are no longer carrying swine influenza virus in infectious form in their respiratory tracts, contained masked virus.’

More importantly, the masked palm civet, Paguma larvata, natural reservoir of SARS-CoV, are known to enter the dens of giant panda:

May 2020 Giant Panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca

https://pubmed.ncbi.nllm.nih.gov/32279465

’....Masked palm civets visited the dens frequently, and the presence of this species negatively influenced den selection by female pandas.’

One of the authors of the above report links to Kunming, Yunnan. The Kunming animal market was mentioned on the snake meat thread.

 

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Impact of sympatric carnivores on den selection of wild giant pandas - PubMed

Interspecific killing is a primary reason for the low survival rates of some animal species. The giant panda ( <i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) is an altricial eutherian mammal and thus, in comparison to other infants, panda cubs are highly vulnerable, which may significantly influence the...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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While still on the Aussie trajectory for the marsupial lion, Wakaleo, and its possible double uteri which implicates transplacental transmission of viruses, we’ll jump ahead a bit so that readers can investigate things for themselves as we go. In this thread, we have already mentioned the divergence in the Yangochiroptera as it relates to Rhinolophus

2017 Expansion of Yangochiroptera Subgroup / Pregnancy-Specific Glycoprotein

Recent expansion and adaptive evolution of the carcinoembryonic antigen family in bats of the Yangochiroptera subgroup - PubMed

The rapid expansion of PSGs in certain bat species together with selection for diversification suggest that bat PSGs could be part of a pathogen defense system by serving as decoy receptors and/or regulators of feto-maternal interactions.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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Before expounding on the study from Germany of post #489, we note that virologist Alexander Gorbalenya and Peter Daszak signed a communique, which was posted to the following thread on 28 May 2021:
President Biden — Making America Normal Again, Post #32, 316

https://www.usmessageboard.com/threads/president-biden-making-america-normal-again.876476/page-1616#post-27187703

‘....Correspondence....Peter Daszak....Alexander Gorbalenya....’

We first mentioned Alexander Gorbalenya (Moscow State University) in the snake meat thread on 4 Feb 2020, post #249:

Snake Meat......source of chinese virus

This was posted @ AFT one minute ago: Totally Misery -- Scene from a Chinese Hospital Twitter

www.usmessageboard.com

Next, we’ll link a fatal neurological virus disease of a New Zealand marsupial to Gorbalenya, then link it to the bat-horse connection of the German study in post #489. Also, the study for giant pandas mentions infection by a lungworm but does not name it. The article, in Chinese, has not been found on the internet (post #488).

 

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There is no doubt that Moscow State University virologist, Alexander Gorbalenya, links to viruses of marsupials:

Mar 2017 Gorbalenya, et al / Australian Brushtail Opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula) Arterivirus ( Moscow State University; Leiden University, The Netherlands; Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Domain Organization and Evolution of the Highly Divergent 5' Coding Region of Genomes of Arteriviruses, Including the Novel Possum Nidovirus - PubMed

In five experimentally characterized arterivirus species, the 5'-end genome coding region encodes the most divergent nonstructural proteins (nsp's), nsp1 and nsp2, which include papain-like proteases (PLPs) and other poorly characterized domains. These are involved in regulation of...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....fatal neurological....wobbly possum disease (WPDV).’

This connects back to the Alice Springs / Wakaleo trajectory for examining bone structure:

’....The crests and surfaces for muscle and connective tissue attachments on the fragment are interpreted in relation to Barbour (1963) for the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and Rauscher’s (1987) interpretation of Priscileo.’

The arterivirus family member WPDV thus links possums and horses (EAV, equine arterivirus) to coronaviruses. As will be shown, the German study of post #489 links feto-maternal interactions to bats and horses.

 

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On the saber-tooth marsupial lion, Wakaleo, we quoted from Murray P and Megirian D, Further Observations on the Morphology of Wakaleo vendeleueri (Marsupialia: Thylacoleonidae) from the Mid-Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Territory).

Before linking COVID-19 to malaria, it’s necessary to go back to USMB 2016 to link bird flu to the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, which we mentioned a few days ago for rubella, that can cross the placenta:

24 Nov 2016 post #7 Bird Flu

Bird, Seasonal & Swine Flu

Granny says, "Dat's right ladies - get yer flu shot an' protect yer baby... Study: Flu Shot While Pregnant Protects the Baby May 03, 2016 - Getting a flu shot while pregnant appears to “significantly” reduce the risk of the baby getting influenza in its first six months, according to a new...

www.usmessageboard.com

’....Germany’s animal-health-monitoring Friedrich Loeffler Institute....’

We have shown that the Freidrich-Loeffler Institute co-authored a paper that includes Ft. Detrick, in post #456 of this thread:

Rubella / Friedrich-Loeffler / Ft. Detrick

COVID-19’s Biological Politics

A fascist USMB c.u.n.t closed the snake meat thread due to inexperience, and here we have post #440 seemingly getting us back on track after deliriously wandering off topic. Post #440 report mentions MI6’s Dearlove, whom we mentioned in post #416, with the same authors, Dagleish, Sorenson, etc...

www.usmessageboard.com

Further excerpting from post #489, the article that links bats and horses, also includes Freidrich-Loeffler Institute, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, and Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Frieburg, one finds a SARS-CoV-2 link to malaria via TIM-3:

Recent expansion and adaptive evolution of the carcinoembryonic antigen family in bats of the Yangochiroptera subgroup - PubMed

The rapid expansion of PSGs in certain bat species together with selection for diversification suggest that bat PSGs could be part of a pathogen defense system by serving as decoy receptors and/or regulators of feto-maternal interactions.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Expansion of gene families are predictive for ongoing genetic adaption to environmental cues. We describe such an expansion of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family in certain bat families. Members of the CEA family in humans and mice are exploited as cellular receptors by a number of pathogens, possibly due to their function in immunity and reproduction. The CEA family is composed of CEA-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) and secreted pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs). PSGs are almost exclusively expressed by trophoblast cells at the maternal-fetal interface. The reason why PSGs exist in only a minority of mammals is still unknown.
....
The rapid expansion of PSGs in certain bat species together with selection for diversification suggest that bat PSGs could be part of a pathogen defense system by serving as decoy receptors and/or regulators of feto-maternal interactions.
....
CEACAM1 is a transmembrane inhibitory receptor composed of one N-terminal immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-like (also called N domain) and three Ig constant (IgC)-like extracellular domains....The IGV-like domain is the primary ligand-binding domain, which was shown to interact with other CEACAMs and other cell surface receptors such as galectins, integrins and TIM-3 as well as with various pathogen adhesins.’

Aug 2020 Hamburg, Germany: TIM-3 / SARS-CoV-2 / Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

Analysis of Co-inhibitory Receptor Expression in COVID-19 Infection Compared to Acute Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: LAG-3 and TIM-3 Correlate With T Cell Activation and Course of Disease - PubMed

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is a severe flu-like illness which is associated with hyperinflammation and immune dysfunction. The virus induces a strong T and B cell response but little is known about the immune pathology of this viral...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’COVID-19 patients with a more severe disease course showed higher levels of LAG-3 and TIM-3 than patients with a mild disease course.’

Next, we searched for any links to the trinity, hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin-zinc, used by Raoult and Zelenko. Though no abstracts were found for hcq or azithromycin, we did find an antibiotic link for zinc:

Sep 2019 Milwaukee: Versiti and Medical College of Wisconsin TIM-3 / Zinc / Ionomycin

Heterogeneity of human bone marrow and blood natural killer cells defined by single-cell transcriptome - PubMed

Natural killer (NK) cells are critical to both innate and adaptive immunity. However, the development and heterogeneity of human NK cells are yet to be fully defined. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing technology, here we identify distinct NK populations in human bone marrow and blood, including...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....More importantly, when we stimulated freshly isolated NK cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, we found a robust induction of XCL1 expression in both CD56bright andCD56dim cells.’

 

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Returning to the study of post #489, the reader can also see why Israeli COVID-19 Bnt162B2 vaccine transfers robust immunity to the fetus:

’We have recently speculated that the expansion of the pregnancy specific glycoprotein subgroup of the CEA gene family requires the presence of a hemochorial placenta as it is found in primates and rodents. In contrast to endotheliochorial and epitheliochorial placentae, the hemochorial placenta allows direct contact of fetal cells with maternal blood and immune cells. Bats have either an endotheliochorial or a hemochorial placenta, depending on bat species....The vast majority of CEACAMs in bats, which have an extended CEA family, are secreted glycoproteins....Intereestingly, IgV-like domain which is responsible for the interaction with almost all extracellular ligands is under strong positive selection in bats.

Selection for diversification points to rapidly evolving ligands, like viruses and other microorganisms....We hypothesize that these PSG-like proteins (PSGs) are expressed at the maternal-fetal interface and that they play a role either in counteracting infection or regulating maternal-fetal communication.
....
Yinpterochiroptera suborder includes megabats Rousettus aegyptiacus....as well as members of the microbat families Rhinolophidae and Megadermtidae....In all species of the Yinpterochiroptera suborder all CEA gene family members belong to the CEACAM subgroup and no PSG-like genes could be identified despite the same depth of genomic sequencing of both bat suborders.
....
Remarkably, the structure of bat PSGs is very similar to PSGs recently found in the horse (2016 Convergent Evolution of Pregnancy-Specific Glycoproteins in the Human and Horse), suggesting that both have a common ancestor. Indeed, the phylogenetic relationship of bats within Laurasiatheria is still a matter of debate, however, several lines of evidence point to a close relationship of bats and horses. For example, Zhang et al used 2492 nuclear-encoded genes to perform maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenomic analysis. Their results vigorously supported bats as a member of Pegasoferae (Chiroptera + Perissodactyla + Carnivora), with the bat lineage diverging from the Equus (horse) lineage ~ 88 million years ago. Similar findings were obtained on transcriptome level by Papenfuss and coworkers.’

 

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Since all horses and all camels originated in what is now the United States, the ionomycin link to VSV as basis for ebola vaccine begins to make more sense seen in the light of both the Kansas cow harboring the vaccine strain of VSV and Bayesian analysis for bats and horses:

2015 VSV Glycoprotein / Calnexin

Effect of ionomycin on interaction of calnexin with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein is cell type-specific - PubMed

Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that induces release of calcium ions (Ca(2+)) from cellular storage to cytoplasm and Ca(2+) influx from the outside of the cell. We investigated the effect of ionomycin on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport in the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

On the calcium trajectory, retaining the idea of the hyperosthotic symptom in Australian wombats, there is....

Ionomycin-Induced Calcium Influx / Neurite Degeneration

Ionomycin-induced calcium influx induces neurite degeneration in mouse neuroblastoma cells: analysis of a time-lapse live cell imaging system - PubMed

Reactive oxygen species induce neuronal cell death. However, the detailed mechanisms of cell death have not yet been elucidated. Previously, we reported neurite degeneration before the induction of cell death. Here, we attempted to elucidate the mechanisms of neurite degeneration before the...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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Two hantaviruses of note are added here, one from the reservoir of SARS-CoV-2’s closest relative (Rhinolophus), the other from the genus that harbors Marburg virus (Rousettus). Lonquan hantavirus links back to the Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sydney, Australia, mentioned in posts #481-2.

Jul 2019 Longquan / Mouse and Rat Coronaviruses

Đakrông virus, a novel mobatvirus (Hantaviridae) harbored by the Stoliczka's Asian trident bat (Aselliscus stoliczkanus) in Vietnam - PubMed

The recent discovery of genetically distinct shrew- and mole-borne viruses belonging to the newly defined family Hantaviridae (order Bunyavirales) has spurred an extended search for hantaviruses in RNAlater®-preserved lung tissues from 215 bats (order Chiroptera) representing five families...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....by virtue of their phylogenetic relatedness to shrews and moles and other placental mammals within the superorder Laurasiatheria....bat-borne hantaviruses include....Longquan virus (LQUV) in Chinese horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus sinicus, Formosan lesser horseshoe bat, R. monoceros, and intermediate horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus affinis....Quezon hantavirus from Rousettus amplexicaudatus in the Philippines, the only hantavirus in a frugivorous bat species.’

Jan 2015 Co-authored, by Marie Bashir Institute, Australia / State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Prevention, Beijing:

Discovery, diversity and evolution of novel coronaviruses sampled from rodents in China - PubMed

Although rodents are important reservoirs for RNA viruses, to date only one species of rodent coronavirus (CoV) has been identified. Herein, we describe a new CoV, denoted Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus (LRNV), and novel variants of two Betacoronavirus species termed Longquan Aa mouse coronavirus...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Longquan Aa mouse coronavirus (LAMV) and Longquan rat coronavirus (LRLV) fell into lineage A of Betacoronavirus, which includes CoVs discovered in humans and domestic and wild animals.’

Mengla County co-authored the Marie Bashir report in posts #481-2. Thus, the Mengla filovirus from Rousettus previously mentioned is from the region that links C-19 infection in the Bronx Zoo tiger due to the poached Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti).

 

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We can link classic CIA-MI6-FBI media propaganda to Li-Meng Yan’s ‘defector’ story, a supposed influenza virologist from Hong Kong. Though more interesting for us is the fruit bat’s link to (parainfluenza virus[italics]):

Li-Meng Yan

Li-Meng Yan - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

’....Collectively, reviewers have debunked the authors claim that....the furin cleavage site is unnatural.’

Keiji Fukuda

Keiji Fukuda - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

India (1971) Rousettus leschenaulti Parainfluenza

Isolation of a new parainfluenza virus from a frugivorous bat, Rousettus leschenaulti, collected at Poona, India - PubMed

Isolation of a new parainfluenza virus from a frugivorous bat, Rousettus leschenaulti, collected at Poona, India

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

We have already mentioned Rousettus leschenaultii in post #480 of this thread.

(1971) India: Rousettus leschenaultii Parainfluenza

Isolation of a new parainfluenza virus from a frugivorous bat, Rousettus leschenaulti, collected at Poona, India - PubMed

Isolation of a new parainfluenza virus from a frugivorous bat, Rousettus leschenaulti, collected at Poona, India

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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The double article post is due to our error, here is the same author’s other paper:

(1971) India: R. leschenaultii Parainfluenza Virus

Bat parainfluenza virus. Immunological, chemical, and physical properties - PubMed

Bat parainfluenza virus. Immunological, chemical, and physical properties

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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A Fruit Bat Link to Palm Civet

Having established a fruit-bat link to parainfluenza virus, the virus links to vaccine making and the palm civet as natural reservoir:

’Parainfluenza Virus-Based Vectors

A vector based on an existing live attenuated parainfluenza virus that is being developed for intranasal pediatric immunization against human parainfluenza virus type 3 was used to express SARS-CoV S protein. Vector administration by mucosal immunization to African green monkeys resulted in the production of a systemic immune response. After challenge with SARS-CoV, all monkeys in the control group shed SARS-CoV. In contrast, no viral shedding occurred in the group immunized with the parainfluenza virus vector expressing the S protein. Recombinant viruses expressing SARS-CoV S, M, and N proteins, individually or in combination, have been evaluated for immunogencity and protection in hamsters, as these animals support the replication of both SARS-CoV and the parainfluenza virus vector. A single intranasal administration of the vector expressing the S glycoprotein induced a high titer of SARS-CoV neutralizing antibodies, only twofold lower that that induced by SARS-CoV infection. This response provided complete protection against SARS-CoV challenge in the lower respiratory tract and partial protection in the upper respiratory tract. In contrast, expression of M, N, or E protein did not induce detectable serum SARS-CoV neutralizing antibodies.’
(Enjuanes L, et al, Vaccines for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Other Coronaviruses, in Perlman, Gallagher, Snijder eds., Nidoviruses, Ch. 25)

 

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Since the reservoir of SARS-CoV, masked palm ciet, is partly arboreal, we were interested in finding any clues to the marsupial lion’s tree habit as well. A clue was in the wrist:

Alice Springs / Wakaleo vanderleueri, NSW, Australia

Details - Further observations on the morphology of Wakaleo vanderleueri (Marsupialia:Thylacoleonidae) from the mid-Miocene Camfield beds, Northern Territory - Biodiversity Heritage Library

The Biodiversity Heritage Library works collaboratively to make biodiversity literature openly available to the world as part of a global biodiversity community.

www.biodiversitylibrary.org

’....The radiocarpal articulation is more hinge-like in Thylacoleo than in the other two genera, the Wakaleo specimen being intermediate. We conclude that Wakaleo was less agile than Priscileo, but this does not exclude the possibility that Wakaleo was arboreal: its wrist joint places it well within the range of a scansorial climber, but might reasonably exclude it from the terminal branch gymnastics that Priscileo would have been capable of.’
(Further Observations on the Morphology of Wakaleo (Marsupialia: Thylacoleonidae) from the Mid-Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Terrritory)

 

[badger2]

One would expect Wakaleo to have been host to ectoparasites such as Demodex, and Demodex occurs on the masked palm civet, Paguma larvata, natural reservoir of SARS-CoV. Thus,

Paguma larvata in Captivity / Demodex / Notoedres Mite

MITE INFECTION IN A MASKED PALM CIVET (PAGUMA LARVATA) TREATED BY SELAMECTIN (STRONGHOLD®, PFIZER LTD.) - PubMed

The masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) is a small Asian mammal (order Carnivora, family Viverridae) uncommon in Italy. Limited information is available about management and sanitary maintenance in captivity. A 4-mo-old masked palm civet presented with pruritus, itch, scratching, and disorexia...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Selamectin, Stronghold@, Pfizer, Ltd.

Japanese Free-Ranging Paguma / Notoedric Mange

Notoedric mange in free-ranging masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) in Japan - PubMed

Fifty-one masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) were trapped as part of a nuisance wildlife control programme between July 2001 and August 2002 in Fujisawa City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Eleven civets had characteristic mange lesions with marked alopecia and crusts, caused by the burrowing...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

California: Free-Ranging Mountain Lions / Notoedric Mange

Notoedric mange in two free-ranging mountain lions (Puma concolor) - PubMed

Two mountain lions (Puma con-color) were found dead in the Simi Hills area of southern California (Ventura County). Postmortem examination and toxicological analyses indicated that the cause of death was anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. In addition, both lions had marked alopecia and skin...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ivermectin, originating in Japan, is also used against Notoedres cati and COVID-19.

Citrus County, Florida / Notoedres cati

Parasite prevalence survey in shelter cats in Citrus County, Florida - PubMed

Free-roaming cat population estimates within the United States currently range from 10 to 114million individual cats. Zoonotic parasites of free-roaming cats are public health concerns; therefore, it is important to investigate the parasite prevalence in these populations. Seventy-six fecal...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Allergic reactions to mites and other allergens now link to COVID-19 vaccines, in this timely report:

Jun 2021 Montreal, Singapore / Vaccine Anaphylaxis

Are the Allergic Reactions of COVID-19 Vaccines Caused by mRNA Constructs or Nanocarriers? Immunological Insights - PubMed

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently authorized the two messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 for emergency use against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the COVID-19 coronavirus disease. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines were...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov