Felix Salmon
How the government fudges job statistics
By Felix Salmon
February 17, 2010
In the Marketplace letters segment yesterday, Representative Peter DeFazio (D-Oregon) took issue with me saying that infrastructure investment is an extremely expensive way of creating jobs and "costs a good $200,000 per job". Just as well I didn't use the $1 million figure here, which I stand by, and which was fact-checked by the Atlantic! " data-share-img="" data-share="twitter,facebook,linkedin,reddit,google,mail" data-share-count="false">
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In the Marketplace letters segment yesterday, Representative Peter DeFazio (D-Oregon) took issue with me saying that infrastructure investment is an extremely expensive way of creating jobs and âcosts a good $200,000 per jobâ. Just as well I didnât use the $1 million figure here, which I stand by, and which was fact-checked by the Atlantic!
The host, Kai Ryssdal, had no time to read out the letter in full, but has allowed me to reprint it:
Dear Mr. Ryssdal:
I have always enjoyed your show and have enjoyed past opportunities to discuss issues as your guest. However, I was distressed last Friday to hear a purported expert guest, Reuters blogger Felix Salmon, state with great certainty that infrastructure investment is an inefficient jobs creator because those jobs are so expensive to create. To back up his argument he claimed that it costs $200,000 to create one infrastructure job. However, he provided no source for this claim and you failed to challenge his assertion.
The Council of Economic Advisors has estimated that $92,000 in direct government spending creates one job-year, regardless of the sector of the economy. The U.S. Department of Transportation, arguably the most knowledgeable government agency when it comes to transportation spending and the resulting job creation, states that an investment of $35,941 creates one infrastructure-related job. Those two confirmable estimates are a far cry from the dubious $200,000-per-job claim from Mr. Salmon. Unfortunately Mr. Salmonâs assertion went unchallenged while the other guest, Heidi Moore of The Big Money, seemed to tacitly agree with him.
I am particularly sensitive about this issue since the AP ran an article last month on an âanalysisâ by AP reporters that used incomplete information to draw inaccurate and misleading conclusions about the success of the transportation infrastructure component of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). The article claimed that âa surge in spending on roads and bridges has had no effect on local unemployment â based on the reportersâ finding that âlocal unemployment rates rose and fell regardless of how much stimulus money Washington poured out for transportation.â However, instead of examining the impact of ARRAâs transportation investment on jobs in the transportation industry â an appropriate comparison â the reporters compared the transportation funding, which comprised only 6 percent of spending in the Recovery Act, to the overall unemployment rate. This led to a specious conclusion and ignores the fact that transportation projects funded by ARRA have created or sustained more than 250,000 direct, on-project jobs, with payroll expenditures of $1.3 billion.
I continue to support infrastructure investment as both a justified investment that future generations will benefit from as well as one of the most efficient creators of jobs, contrary to the beliefs of purported experts like Mr. Salmon and the so-called investigative reporters from the AP. I hope you will set the record straight. If you would like to discuss this further you can contact me directly at [redacted].
Sincerely,
Peter A. DeFazio, M.C.
Chairman, Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
(In case you were wondering, the âM.C.â just means Member of Congress.)
I have no dog in DeFazioâs fight with the AP. But his attacks on me are just plain wrong. Infrastructure investments are simply not âone of the most efficient creators of jobsâ, no matter how much DeFazio might want them to be, and the sources he cites to back up that claim donât support it.
Whatâs at issue here is a ratio: Iâm talking about dollars per job created. To get that number, you take the number of dollars spent, and divide it by the number of jobs created. DeFazio, by contrast, subtly tries to change the denominator when he says that â$92,000 in direct government spending creates one job-yearâ: heâs taking dollars, dividing by jobs created, and then dividing again by the number of years that each job is expected to last.
In the real world, of course, if you spend $300,000 to create a job which lasts three years, then thatâs one job created with your $300,000, not three jobs. Only in DC would people attempt to claim that their $300,000 had created three âjob-yearsâ.
Whatâs more, the $92,000 estimate covers government spending in general, not just infrastructure spending. Infrastructure spending gets you low bang for the buck, in terms of job creation, compared to other kinds of spending â my example on the show was arts subsidies. A lot of government spending goes on creating new federal jobs: you get much more job creation per buck that way than you do building infrastructure.
And if you look at the CEA report, youâll see that it carefully fudges the difference between jobs created, on the one hand, and jobs saved, on the other; in fact, it seems to used âcreatedâ and âcreated or savedâ as synonyms. So if youâve had a job for years, and youâre still in that job, you can still be counted in these job-creation statistics if the government somehow determines that you might not be in that job had the stimulus bill not passed.
The fact is that if you move away from vague country-level statistics and start drilling down to the actual number of jobs created by actual infrastructure projects, you never get anywhere near $92,000 per job. For instance, have a look at the job-creation statistics on this page.
A 5-mile stretch of highway, costing $50 million, creates a total of 79 jobs. Thatâs over $600,000 per job. Even if you divide that by two on the grounds that itâs a two-year project, thatâs still $300,000 per job-year. In railways, a $15 million investment creates 12 jobs â thatâs $1.25 million per job, and itâs a one-year project.
Iâve seen similar numbers surrounding hospitals, and higher numbers surrounding nuclear power stations â basically, infrastructure investment is an incredibly inefficient way of creating jobs.
But what of DeFazioâs $35,941 figure? I finally tracked it down to here â a report which does not say that spending $35,941 âcreates one infrastructure-related jobâ. Again, itâs talking job-years, not jobs, but more importantly, it says this:
The FHWA analysis refers to jobs supported by highway investments, this includes ânew jobsâ to the extent unemployed labor is hired; âbetter jobsâ as currently employed workers move into jobs with better compensation and/or full time positions; and âsustained jobsâ as current employees are retained with the expenditure.
This is an even looser definition than âcreated or savedâ â it also includes substantially everybody who just gets a promotion as well, along with that ill-defined definition of âsustained jobsâ, comprising people who just stay in the same job theyâve had all along.
Finally, what is DeFazio talking about when he says that âtransportation projects funded by ARRA have created or sustained more than 250,000 direct, on-project jobs, with payroll expenditures of $1.3 billionâ? Simple division here would seem to imply that each worker is earning no more than $5,200 a year, which canât be right. But again, look at the footnotes â specifically in this report, which is the source of DeFazioâs statistic:
Consistent with the U.S. Department of Transportationâs reporting requirements, the number of direct jobs is based on direct, on-project full-time-equivalent (FTE) job months. One person working full time or two people working one-half time for one month represents one FTE job month. FTE job months are calculated by dividing cumulative job hours created or sustained by 173 hours (40 hours per week times 52 weeks divided by 12 months = 173 hours).
Yes, for the purposes of this report, the government has calculated the number of jobs created by taking the number of hours worked and dividing by 173. If you pay a man to wield a shovel for one year, working 40 hours a week, then hey, youâve created 12 jobs! If you pay him overtime, and he works 60 hours a week, then youâve created 18 jobs! If he keeps on working at that pace for three years, then youâre up to 54 jobs! All from one man earning one paycheck.
So itâs not just DeFazio, then: everybody in the government seems to be happy fudging job-creation statistics, especially by using job-years or even job-months rather than actual jobs, and also by eliding the distinction between jobs created, on the one hand, and jobs improved or saved, on the other. Thatâs worth remembering, next time you hear a politician kvelling about how the government is creating millions of new jobs.
How the government fudges job statistics
So at least oldstyle is consistent. Here he picks a source who is a pretty small time journalist. No economists for oldstyle. He chooses to pick sources with as little economic background as himself. That is, basically NONE.What a stupid source. Just like the poster.
The American Statistical Association presented Salmon with the 2010 Excellence in Statistical Reporting Award "for his body of work, which exemplifies the highest standards of scientific reporting. His insightful use of statistics as a tool to understanding the world of business and economics, areas that are critical in today's economy, sets a new standard in statistical investigative reporting."
Yeah, he doesn't know anything about economics, Georgie! He only worked for Nouriel Roubini! Does that name ring a bell? You know...the guy who was a senior economist on Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers? Duh?[
did you think that statistical reporting is economics, me boy. Look the two up, it may help you. As his bio says, he is a writer. Not an economist. No matter how badly you want him to be. And, me boy, if I work for a historian, does that make me a historian. As you say, DUH! Dipshit. So that is five economic organizations well respected by repubs and dems, against ZERO economists for you. That is, me boy, certain proof that you LOOSE.
So, seriously, can you tell me, does stupid hurt?
What I "think" is that in order to do statistical reporting on economics, one would need to understand it as well. His bio says that he has a Masters in Art History actually with an Honors concentration in Mathematics. What better authority on the viability of an economic statistic, such as "jobs saved", than an expert in statistical reporting who has worked for one of the more esteemed economists of our time, Nouriel Roubini? You have to deride him as a "small time journalist" because you can't refute what he's stated.