Just a little anecdote to offer.
The last time I went to the ER was about 8 or 9 years ago. I was moving some furniture I'm my house barefoot and in the process broke my toe. Literally snapped it in two and it was pointed towards my heel.
After getting it set in the ER and getting a referral to an orthopedic surgeon I offered to pay for the bill. I don't remember the exact conversation but was basically told that wasn't possible and they couldn't even give me the bill. I had to wait weeks for the bill to come in the mail. I went back and asked for a cash price as I only carried catastrophic and they told me that I could fill out financial assistance forms! I told them I wasn't looking for assistance and wouldn't qualify anyways and was just looking for a cash price that didn't include fees for dealing with insurance companies.
The bill was absurdly high and no discount was given.
They need to open up the country to all the insurance companies.
Competition will bring the price down because people are going to shop for the best price they can get.