The American Revolution, and the French Revolution....those two.
While it might seem that this should be in History, the thematic difference between the two upheavals was religion....perhaps, the 'deus ex machina'....pun intended.
1. The French Revolution sought to replace one religion with another: hence its fanaticism and exterminatory zeal. But the new religion of the nation was demonic, fraught with contradiction and self-hatred....quickly gave way to the Napoleonic project of empire, through which violence was externalized and a rule of law re-established at home.
2. The nation itself was the condition of citizenship, with reason and science as the object of worship.
3. Both religion and monarchy were restored by the Bonaparte regime...but in altered form, with the Code Napoleon and the promise of equal citizenship. The design was to give France what American had achieved: citizenship within a sovereign state under secular law.
4. In fact, the view spread throughout Europe bestowing social membership based on language, custom, and geography rather than religion and monarchical obedience. Even where the sentiment remained with a monarchy, e.g., Britain, it was still identified with a language and legal system. Add to that, the idea of a common interest in defense.
The above based on Scruton, "The West and The Rest," chapter two.
5. The French Revolution occurred almost simultaneously with the American Revolution. While sharing many similarities, there was one glaring difference. The French were not Christian and attempted to introduce a godless humanistic government. The result is amply recorded in history books. Instead of the liberty, justice, peace, happiness, and prosperity experienced in America, France suffered chaos and injustice as thousands of heads rolled under the sharp blade of the guillotine. Religion and Government in America: Are they*complementary? ? The Mandate
6. And, although America is a secular nation, there remains a certain religiosity throughout, a kind of civil religion. Civil religion is the common ecumenical ground where we all can gathernot just all Christian denominations, but all religions, and even the great host of people who practice no formal religion at all but believe in god and prayer. This is civil religion.
The god of civil religion is the "higher power as you know it"the god behind all religions and everything else.
7. Civil religion is not a state religion, but rather an expression that religionizes national values, national heroes, national history, and national ideals. It proposes a God behind all gods that especially favors America. The unifying thing is not the object of prayer (god) but the source of the prayerwe Americans.
8. Civil religion came easy for Americans. Since the beginning we frequently saw ourselves as a "New Israel" coming out of Europe to freedom and plenty in our own promised land. We believed we had a "manifest destiny" to stretch our enlightened way of life from sea to shining sea, and eventually to export the American way of life around the world. We saw ourselves as Gods chosen people. He had other sheep, but we were gods favorites. He wanted to use America to spread freedom.
a. The inscription on the Liberty Bell at Independence Hall in Philadelphia was a direct quote from the Book of Leviticus: "Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof."
9. " the influence of the Exodus story on the ethos of the American Revolution. So powerful was this influence in 1776 that Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams suggested that the Great Seal of the United States should include an image of Moses leading the Israelites through the Red Sea."
The Great Seal of the United States
10. While the French and American Revolutions differed markedly with respect to religion, both claimed to endorse freedom. Here, again, they went in different directions:
The American Revolution to the 'right'....classical liberalism, based on individualism, free markets, and limited constitutional government.
The French Revolution to the 'left'.....based on the slaughter of all who disagreed with the 'general will.' To this day, slaughter and oppression can be found at the center of every leftist revolution.
The mechanism of freedom, the freedom to oppose powers that be, came with the invention of the printing press and the rise of the bourgeoisie, which allowed intellectuals to find support from a new patron, the mass audience rather than to be beholding to a patron, a rich and powerful lord.
Benjamin Franklin used the press, along with Thomas Paine ("These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in the crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.) infused the spirit of revolution.
But, in the case of the French, the antipathy to religion occurred at the same time. Without a transcendent God to provide the connection with mankind, the agnostic intellectual found in progressive ideology, characterized by the utopia of a perfectly egalitarian society, a substitute god.
Bork, Slouching Toward Gomorrah"
While it might seem that this should be in History, the thematic difference between the two upheavals was religion....perhaps, the 'deus ex machina'....pun intended.
1. The French Revolution sought to replace one religion with another: hence its fanaticism and exterminatory zeal. But the new religion of the nation was demonic, fraught with contradiction and self-hatred....quickly gave way to the Napoleonic project of empire, through which violence was externalized and a rule of law re-established at home.
2. The nation itself was the condition of citizenship, with reason and science as the object of worship.
3. Both religion and monarchy were restored by the Bonaparte regime...but in altered form, with the Code Napoleon and the promise of equal citizenship. The design was to give France what American had achieved: citizenship within a sovereign state under secular law.
4. In fact, the view spread throughout Europe bestowing social membership based on language, custom, and geography rather than religion and monarchical obedience. Even where the sentiment remained with a monarchy, e.g., Britain, it was still identified with a language and legal system. Add to that, the idea of a common interest in defense.
The above based on Scruton, "The West and The Rest," chapter two.
5. The French Revolution occurred almost simultaneously with the American Revolution. While sharing many similarities, there was one glaring difference. The French were not Christian and attempted to introduce a godless humanistic government. The result is amply recorded in history books. Instead of the liberty, justice, peace, happiness, and prosperity experienced in America, France suffered chaos and injustice as thousands of heads rolled under the sharp blade of the guillotine. Religion and Government in America: Are they*complementary? ? The Mandate
6. And, although America is a secular nation, there remains a certain religiosity throughout, a kind of civil religion. Civil religion is the common ecumenical ground where we all can gathernot just all Christian denominations, but all religions, and even the great host of people who practice no formal religion at all but believe in god and prayer. This is civil religion.
The god of civil religion is the "higher power as you know it"the god behind all religions and everything else.
7. Civil religion is not a state religion, but rather an expression that religionizes national values, national heroes, national history, and national ideals. It proposes a God behind all gods that especially favors America. The unifying thing is not the object of prayer (god) but the source of the prayerwe Americans.
8. Civil religion came easy for Americans. Since the beginning we frequently saw ourselves as a "New Israel" coming out of Europe to freedom and plenty in our own promised land. We believed we had a "manifest destiny" to stretch our enlightened way of life from sea to shining sea, and eventually to export the American way of life around the world. We saw ourselves as Gods chosen people. He had other sheep, but we were gods favorites. He wanted to use America to spread freedom.
a. The inscription on the Liberty Bell at Independence Hall in Philadelphia was a direct quote from the Book of Leviticus: "Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof."
9. " the influence of the Exodus story on the ethos of the American Revolution. So powerful was this influence in 1776 that Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams suggested that the Great Seal of the United States should include an image of Moses leading the Israelites through the Red Sea."
The Great Seal of the United States
10. While the French and American Revolutions differed markedly with respect to religion, both claimed to endorse freedom. Here, again, they went in different directions:
The American Revolution to the 'right'....classical liberalism, based on individualism, free markets, and limited constitutional government.
The French Revolution to the 'left'.....based on the slaughter of all who disagreed with the 'general will.' To this day, slaughter and oppression can be found at the center of every leftist revolution.
The mechanism of freedom, the freedom to oppose powers that be, came with the invention of the printing press and the rise of the bourgeoisie, which allowed intellectuals to find support from a new patron, the mass audience rather than to be beholding to a patron, a rich and powerful lord.
Benjamin Franklin used the press, along with Thomas Paine ("These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in the crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.) infused the spirit of revolution.
But, in the case of the French, the antipathy to religion occurred at the same time. Without a transcendent God to provide the connection with mankind, the agnostic intellectual found in progressive ideology, characterized by the utopia of a perfectly egalitarian society, a substitute god.
Bork, Slouching Toward Gomorrah"