Oceans will be drastically different by 2100

[Abraham3]

When you get done arguing about the wee oysters in the Juan de Fuca, there're a few other works you still need to deal with.

References

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Feely, R. A.; et al. (July 2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans". Science. 305(5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.

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Rosa, R.; Seibel, B. (2008). "Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator". P.N.A.S. 105(52): 20776–20780. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520776R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105.

Bibby, R.; et al. (2008). "Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis". Aquatic Biology 2: 67–74.

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Feely, R. A.; Sabine, C. L.; Hernandez-Ayon, J. M.; Ianson, D.; Hales B. (June 2008). "Evidence for upwelling of corrosive "acidified" water onto the continental shelf". Science 320 (5882): 1490–2. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1490F. doi:10.1126/science.1155676. PMID 18497259.

Wootton, J. T.; Pfister, C. A. and Forester, J. D. (2008). "Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (48): 18848–18853. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10518848W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810079105. PMC 2596240. PMID 19033205.

"Rate of ocean acidification the fastest in 65 million years". Physorg.com. 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
[1] Report: Ocean acidification rising at unprecedented rate
United States National Research Council, 2010. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean

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Atkinson, M.J.; Cuet, P. (2008). "Possible effects of ocean acidification on coral reef biogeochemistry: topics for research". Marine Ecology Progress Series 373: 249–256. doi:10.3354/meps07867.

Marubini, F.; Ferrier-Pagès, C.; Furla, P.; Allemand, D. (2008). "Coral calcification responds to seawater acidification: a working hypothesis towards a physiological mechanism". Coral Reefs 27 (3): 491–499. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..491M. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0375-6.

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Gattuso, J.-P.; Frankignoulle, M.; Bourge, I.; Romaine, S. and Buddemeier, R. W. (1998). "Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification". Global and Planetary Change 18 (1–2): 37–46. Bibcode:1998GPC....18...37G. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6.

Gattuso, J.-P.; Allemand, D.; Frankignoulle, M. (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification at cellular, organismal and community levels in coral reefs: a review on interactions and control by carbonate chemistry". American Zoologist 39: 160–183.

Langdon, C.; Atkinson, M. J. (2005). "Effect of elevated pCO2 on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment". Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (C09S07): C09S07. Bibcode:2005JGRC..11009S07L. doi:10.1029/2004JC002576.

Riebesell, Ulf; Zondervan, Ingrid; Rost, Björn; Tortell, Philippe D.; Zeebe, Richard E. and François M. M. Morel (2000). "Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2". Nature 407 (6802): 364–367. doi:10.1038/35030078. PMID 11014189.

Zondervan, I.; Zeebe, R. E., Rost, B. and Rieblesell, U. (2001). "Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: a negative feedback on rising atmospheric CO2". Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15 (2): 507–516. Bibcode:2001GBioC..15..507Z. doi:10.1029/2000GB001321.

Zondervan, I.; Rost, B. and Rieblesell, U. (2002). "Effect of CO2 concentration on the PIC/POC ratio in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi grown under light limiting conditions and different day lengths". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 272 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00037-0.

Delille, B.; Harlay, J., Zondervan, I., Jacquet, S., Chou, L., Wollast, R., Bellerby, R.G.J., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A.V., Riebesell, U. and Gattuso, J.-P. (2005). "Response of primary production and calcification to changes of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi". Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19 (2): GB2023. Bibcode:2005GBioC..19.2023D. doi:10.1029/2004GB002318.

Kuffner, I. B.; Andersson, A. J., Jokiel, P. L., Rodgers, K. S. and Mackenzie, F. T. (2007). "Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification". Nature Geoscience 1 (2): 114–117. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..114K. doi:10.1038/ngeo100.

Phillips, Graham; Chris Branagan (2007-09-13). "Ocean Acidification – The BIG global warming story". ABC TV Science: Catalyst (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 2007-09-18.

Gazeau, F.; Quiblier, C.; Jansen, J. M.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Middelburg, J. J. and Heip, C. H. R. (2007). "Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (7): L07603. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3407603G. doi:10.1029/2006GL028554.

Comeau, C.; Gorsky, G., Jeffree, R., Teyssié, J.-L. and Gattuso, J.-P. (2009). "Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc ("Limacina helicina")". Biogeosciences 6 (9): 1877–1882. doi:10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009.

Buitenhuis, E. T.; de Baar, H. J. W. and Veldhuis, M. J. W. (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification by Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) as a function of inorganic carbon species". Journal of Phycology 35 (5): 949–959. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3550949.x.

Nimer, N. A.; Merrett, M. J. (1993). "Calcification rate in Emiliania huxleyi Lohmann in response to light, nitrate and availability of inorganic carbon". New Phytologist 123 (4): 673–677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03776.x.

Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D.; Halloran, P. R., Rickaby, R. E. M., Hall, I. R., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Gittins, J.R., Green, D.R.H., Tyrrell, T., Gibbs, S.J., von Dassow, P., Rehm, E., Armbrust, E.V. and Boessenkool, K.P. (2008). "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO2 World". Science 320 (5874): 336–340. Bibcode:2008Sci...320..336I. doi:10.1126/science.1154122. PMID 18420926.

Sciandra, A.; Harlay, J., Lefevre, D. et al. (2003). "Response of coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi to elevated partial pressure of CO2 under nitrogen limitation". Marine Ecology Progress Series 261: 111–112. doi:10.3354/meps261111.

Langer, G.; Geisen, M., Baumann, K. H. et al. (2006). "Species-specific responses of calcifying algae to changing seawater carbonate chemistry". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (9): Q09006. Bibcode:2006GGG.....709006L. doi:10.1029/2005GC001227.

Ruttiman, J. (2006). "Sick Seas". Nature 442 (7106): 978–980. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..978R. doi:10.1038/442978a. PMID 16943816.

Cohen, A.; Holcomb, M. (2009). "Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism". Oceanography 24: 118–127.

Hannah L. Wood, John I. Spicer and Stephen Widdicombe (2008). "Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 (1644): 1767–1773. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0343. PMC 2587798. PMID 18460426.

Dixson, D. L.; et al. (2010). "Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues". Ecology Letters 13 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01400.x. PMID 19917053.

Simpson, S. D.; et al. (2011). "Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish". Biology Letters.

Kwok, Roberta. "Ocean acidification could make squid develop abnormally". University of Washington. Retrieved 8/24/2013.

Ridgwell, A.; Zondervan, I.; Hargreaves, J. C.; Bijma, J.; and Lenton, T. M. (2007). "Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO2 uptake due to CO2-calcification feedback". Biogeosciences 4 (4): 481–492. doi:10.5194/bg-4-481-2007.

Tyrrell, T. (2008). "Calcium carbonate cycling in future oceans and its influence on future climates". Journal of Plankton Research 30 (2): 141–156. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbm105.

 

[flacaltenn]

Actually, my plan is to USE that paper by Feeley et al to show how DISHONEST and politically biased this whole argument really is..

Feeley writes a paper on the NW oyster farming problem. Determines that the farmers are trying to spawn larvae TOO OFTEN in natural Bay waters that vary by 7.6 to 8.2 pH, and writes a paper COUCHING ALL THAT in a politically inspired fable about man-made CO2 effect on oysters.

I Read the entire paper --- Great Science -- piss poor propaganda wrapper around it. Supplied by his Zealot friends at OSU.. (West Coast Global Warming Central HQ). Media goes and buys off on the press release and embellishes.. Never reads or analyzes or understands the ACTUAL STUDY, the farming issues and what was found..

DOES NOT CONTRADICT THE NOAA study with all the controls.. You cannot kill oyster larvae with CO2 changes predicted by the man-made contributions of CO2.. That fact STANDS !!!!!

That's how your "list" above is created...

When I catch up on work -- I intend to add that to my other thread on Killing Oyster with CO2...

 

[mamooth]

So, just like every other case, you're waving your hands around and invoking the vast socialist conspiracy.

That would be why the planet considers your type to be jokes.

 

[Abraham3]

Actually, my plan is to USE that paper by Feeley et al to show how DISHONEST and politically biased this whole argument really is..

Feeley writes a paper on the NW oyster farming problem. Determines that the farmers are trying to spawn larvae TOO OFTEN in natural Bay waters that vary by 7.6 to 8.2 pH, and writes a paper COUCHING ALL THAT in a politically inspired fable about man-made CO2 effect on oysters.

I Read the entire paper --- Great Science -- piss poor propaganda wrapper around it. Supplied by his Zealot friends at OSU.. (West Coast Global Warming Central HQ). Media goes and buys off on the press release and embellishes.. Never reads or analyzes or understands the ACTUAL STUDY, the farming issues and what was found..

DOES NOT CONTRADICT THE NOAA study with all the controls.. You cannot kill oyster larvae with CO2 changes predicted by the man-made contributions of CO2.. That fact STANDS !!!!!

That's how your "list" above is created...

When I catch up on work -- I intend to add that to my other thread on Killing Oyster with CO2...

Which Feely paper?

Feely, R. A.; et al. (July 2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans". Science. 305(5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.

or

Feely, R. A.; Sabine, C. L.; Hernandez-Ayon, J. M.; Ianson, D.; Hales B. (June 2008). "Evidence for upwelling of corrosive "acidified" water onto the continental shelf". Science 320 (5882): 1490–2. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1490F. doi:10.1126/science.1155676. PMID 18497259.

Neither of which seems to mention oysters, per se.

And... not to belabor what I would have thought an obvious point, but oysters are not the only carbonate fixing organism in the oceans and are certainly not the most significant. So... how about the other 45 papers I listed? Do you believe you can refute all of them?

 

[flacaltenn]

Actually, my plan is to USE that paper by Feeley et al to show how DISHONEST and politically biased this whole argument really is..

Feeley writes a paper on the NW oyster farming problem. Determines that the farmers are trying to spawn larvae TOO OFTEN in natural Bay waters that vary by 7.6 to 8.2 pH, and writes a paper COUCHING ALL THAT in a politically inspired fable about man-made CO2 effect on oysters.

I Read the entire paper --- Great Science -- piss poor propaganda wrapper around it. Supplied by his Zealot friends at OSU.. (West Coast Global Warming Central HQ). Media goes and buys off on the press release and embellishes.. Never reads or analyzes or understands the ACTUAL STUDY, the farming issues and what was found..

DOES NOT CONTRADICT THE NOAA study with all the controls.. You cannot kill oyster larvae with CO2 changes predicted by the man-made contributions of CO2.. That fact STANDS !!!!!

That's how your "list" above is created...

When I catch up on work -- I intend to add that to my other thread on Killing Oyster with CO2...

Which Feely paper?

Feely, R. A.; et al. (July 2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans". Science. 305(5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.

or

Feely, R. A.; Sabine, C. L.; Hernandez-Ayon, J. M.; Ianson, D.; Hales B. (June 2008). "Evidence for upwelling of corrosive "acidified" water onto the continental shelf". Science 320 (5882): 1490–2. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1490F. doi:10.1126/science.1155676. PMID 18497259.

Neither of which seems to mention oysters, per se.

And... not to belabor what I would have thought an obvious point, but oysters are not the only carbonate fixing organism in the oceans and are certainly not the most significant. So... how about the other 45 papers I listed? Do you believe you can refute all of them?

First off. You DO realize that in that 2nd cite above, the "corrosive, "acidified" water" has been upwelling on the Pac Coast for centuries --- dontcha? This is just a description of what happens when cold water currents rise to the surface.. NOT an indication of something new.. Colder waters are ALWAYS packed with more CO2 and less calcifying minerals.

Which Feely paper? Why of course the one on C. Gigas and the oyster farming debate..

Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography

The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near-term ocean acidification effects

Alan Barton, Burke Hales, George G. Waldbusser, Chris Langdon and Richard A. Feely

Limnol. Oceanogr., 57(3), 2012, 698-710 | DOI: 10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0698

ABSTRACT: We report results from an oyster hatchery on the Oregon coast, where intake waters experienced variable carbonate chemistry (aragonite saturation state < 0.8 to > 3.2; pH < 7.6 to > 8.2) in the early summer of 2009. Both larval production and midstage growth (&#8764; 120 to &#8764; 150 µm) of the oyster Crassostrea gigas were significantly negatively correlated with the aragonite saturation state of waters in which larval oysters were spawned and reared for the first 48 h of life. The effects of the initial spawning conditions did not have a significant effect on early-stage growth (growth from D-hinge stage to &#8764; 120 µm), suggesting a delayed effect of water chemistry on larval development.

Feely gets recruited by the AGW Zealots at OSU to put his stamp of approval on their "science in an AGW fishwrapper" report. Like I said "GREAT SCIENCE", wrapped in a fable for public consumption.

Secondly, many of those papers CITE their own contradictions. When you cant' find a "lessening of juvenile calcification" in MOST of the species studied --- you end up proposing alternative theories like......

Hannah L. Wood, John I. Spicer and Stephen Widdicombe (2008). "Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 (1644): 1767–1773. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0343. PMC 2587798. PMID 18460426.

Again -- I suspect you're just COUNTING the references and not actually reading the results. Would you like to open up a couple and discuss???

 

[flacaltenn]

I pick THIS ONE...

http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1877/2009/bg-6-1877-2009.pdf
Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc

A comparison t -test confirmed that the slopes were statistically different (t=3.0,
p=0.02, 9 df). The rate of calcification was 28% lower in the
high than in the control CO2 level. The difference in calcification
between the two pH conditions was not significant
during the first 2 h, significant during the first 4 h (p=0.05),
and not significant during the last 2 h (hours 4 to 6) but no
significant change was found, at each pH, between the first
4 h and the last 2 h of the experiment.

4 Discussion
The Arctic Ocean is particularly vulnerable to the impact
of seawater chemistry changes associated with ocean acidification.
Models show that calcium carbonate undersaturation
with respect to aragonite is expected as early as 2016
(Steinacher et al., 2009). Once the pCO2 values reaches
409&#956;atm, for at least one month of the year, the entire water
column will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite
(a1) in as much as 10% of the Arctic Ocean. These low
saturation zones will be associated with increased melting of
ice and freshwater inputs (Steinacher et al., 2009). Surface
waters at our sampling location in Spitsbergen do not seem
to be as vulnerable to aragonite undersaturation, as the aragonite
undersaturation threshold (a=1) was reached by bubbling
the fjord water with air having a pCO2 of 765&#956;atm.

At least two reasons could explain this difference. First, the
sampling region is influenced by Atlantic water with high total
alkalinity. Also, the experimental seawater pumped at 80
m was most likely a &#8220;Transformed AtlanticWater&#8221; (Cottier et
al., 2005), less vulnerable to aragonite undersaturation than
Arctic waters. Second, the experiments were carried out at
a temperature of 5C but lower temperatures occur in high
Arctic waters further decreasing the solubility of aragonite.

We show that calcein staining can
also be used to investigate calcification in pteropods. It allowed
comparison of the linear extension of the shells, which
was lower at a pHT of 7.8 than at a pHT of 8.1. It must be
pointed out, however, that statistical inference is not possible
due to the small size of the data set and that this result remains
to be confirmed in future studies.

Previous studies have shown a
rapid decrease of calcification in pteropods maintained for
several hours in laboratory conditions (Fabry, 1990). In the
present study, this effect was partly avoided by determining
calcification rates on freshly collected animals, by minimising
the sampling stress, and by limiting the incubation time
to 6 h. The decrease in calcification at the lower pH mostly
occurred during the first 4 h of the experiment as calcification
was similar in both pH conditions between 4 and 6 h. However,
the differences in calcification between the periods 0 to
4 h and 4 to 6 h, within each pH conditions, are not statistically
significant. We therefore discuss the rates of calcification
obtained during the entire experiment. Future studies
are needed to identify possible short-term, acute responses
as well as possible acclimation. This will require the use of
a larger number of individuals in order to increase statistical
power and as well as to improve the maintenance of live
pteropods to conduct perturbation experiments

OK Abraham --- what does this PROVE? Key points of "the experiment"????
Is this "settled science"?

2 or 4 or 6 hours of calcification studies sounds more to me like the COOKING prep instructions for these Mussels.

 

[Abraham3]

I pick THIS ONE...

http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1877/2009/bg-6-1877-2009.pdf
Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc

A comparison t -test confirmed that the slopes were statistically different (t=3.0,
p=0.02, 9 df). The rate of calcification was 28% lower in the
high than in the control CO2 level. The difference in calcification
between the two pH conditions was not significant
during the first 2 h, significant during the first 4 h (p=0.05),
and not significant during the last 2 h (hours 4 to 6) but no
significant change was found, at each pH, between the first
4 h and the last 2 h of the experiment.

4 Discussion
The Arctic Ocean is particularly vulnerable to the impact
of seawater chemistry changes associated with ocean acidification.
Models show that calcium carbonate undersaturation
with respect to aragonite is expected as early as 2016
(Steinacher et al., 2009). Once the pCO2 values reaches
409&#956;atm, for at least one month of the year, the entire water
column will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite
(a1) in as much as 10% of the Arctic Ocean. These low
saturation zones will be associated with increased melting of
ice and freshwater inputs (Steinacher et al., 2009). Surface
waters at our sampling location in Spitsbergen do not seem
to be as vulnerable to aragonite undersaturation, as the aragonite
undersaturation threshold (a=1) was reached by bubbling
the fjord water with air having a pCO2 of 765&#956;atm.

At least two reasons could explain this difference. First, the
sampling region is influenced by Atlantic water with high total
alkalinity. Also, the experimental seawater pumped at 80
m was most likely a “Transformed AtlanticWater” (Cottier et
al., 2005), less vulnerable to aragonite undersaturation than
Arctic waters. Second, the experiments were carried out at
a temperature of 5C but lower temperatures occur in high
Arctic waters further decreasing the solubility of aragonite.

We show that calcein staining can
also be used to investigate calcification in pteropods. It allowed
comparison of the linear extension of the shells, which
was lower at a pHT of 7.8 than at a pHT of 8.1. It must be
pointed out, however, that statistical inference is not possible
due to the small size of the data set and that this result remains
to be confirmed in future studies.

Previous studies have shown a
rapid decrease of calcification in pteropods maintained for
several hours in laboratory conditions (Fabry, 1990). In the
present study, this effect was partly avoided by determining
calcification rates on freshly collected animals, by minimising
the sampling stress, and by limiting the incubation time
to 6 h. The decrease in calcification at the lower pH mostly
occurred during the first 4 h of the experiment as calcification
was similar in both pH conditions between 4 and 6 h. However,
the differences in calcification between the periods 0 to
4 h and 4 to 6 h, within each pH conditions, are not statistically
significant. We therefore discuss the rates of calcification
obtained during the entire experiment. Future studies
are needed to identify possible short-term, acute responses
as well as possible acclimation. This will require the use of
a larger number of individuals in order to increase statistical
power and as well as to improve the maintenance of live
pteropods to conduct perturbation experiments

OK Abraham --- what does this PROVE? Key points of "the experiment"????
Is this "settled science"?

It proves that small experiments have small results.

 

[Abraham3]

How about some of these:

Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator
Rui Rosa1 and Brad A. Seibel
Author Affiliations

Edited by George N. Somero, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, and approved October 27, 2008 (received for review July 16, 2008)

Abstract
By the end of this century, anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are expected to decrease the surface ocean pH by as much as 0.3 unit. At the same time, the ocean is expected to warm with an associated expansion of the oxygen minimum layer (OML). Thus, there is a growing demand to understand the response of the marine biota to these global changes. We show that ocean acidification will substantially depress metabolic rates (31%) and activity levels (45%) in the jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas, a top predator in the Eastern Pacific. This effect is exacerbated by high temperature. Reduced aerobic and locomotory scope in warm, high-CO2 surface waters will presumably impair predator&#8211;prey interactions with cascading consequences for growth, reproduction, and survival. Moreover, as the OML shoals, squids will have to retreat to these shallower, less hospitable, waters at night to feed and repay any oxygen debt that accumulates during their diel vertical migration into the OML. Thus, we demonstrate that, in the absence of adaptation or horizontal migration, the synergism between ocean acidification, global warming, and expanding hypoxia will compress the habitable depth range of the species. These interactions may ultimately define the long-term fate of this commercially and ecologically important predator.
*******************************************************************
or this one:

Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

Ruth Bibby1,2, Steve Widdicombe1,*, Helen Parry1, John Spicer2, Richard Pipe3
1Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
2Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
3The Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT: The effects of medium term (32 d) hypercapnia on the immune response of Mytilus edulis were investigated in mussels exposed to acidified (using CO2) sea water (pH 7.7, 7.5 or 6.7; control: pH 7.8). Levels of phagocytosis increased significantly during the exposure period, suggesting an immune response induced by the experimental set-up. However, this induced stress response was suppressed when mussels were exposed to acidified sea water. Acidified sea water did not have any significant effects on other immuno-surveillance parameters measured (superoxide anion production, total and differential cell counts). These results suggest that ocean acidification may impact the physiological condition and functionality of the haemocytes and could have a significant effect on cellular signalling pathways, particularly those pathways that rely on specific concentrations of calcium, and so may be disrupted by calcium carbonate shell dissolution.
**************************************************************************

or this one

Anthropogenic ocean acidi&#64257;cation over the twenty-&#64257;rst century and its impact on calcifying organisms

James C. Orr1, Victoria J. Fabry2, Olivier Aumont3, Laurent Bopp1, Scott C. Doney4, Richard A. Feely5, Anand Gnanadesikan6, Nicolas Gruber7, Akio Ishida8, Fortunat Joos9, Robert M. Key10, Keith Lindsay11, Ernst Maier-Reimer12, Richard Matear13, Patrick Monfray1&#8224;, Anne Mouchet14, Raymond G. Najjar15, Gian-Kasper Plattner7,9, Keith B. Rodgers1,16&#8224;, Christopher L. Sabine5, Jorge L. Sarmiento10, Reiner Schlitzer17, Richard D. Slater10, Ian J. Totterdell18&#8224;, Marie-France Weirig17, Yasuhiro Yamanaka8& Andrew Yool18

Today&#8217;s surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms&#8212;such as corals and some plankton&#8212;will have dif&#64257;culty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean&#8211;carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a &#8216;business-as-usual&#8217; scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Paci&#64257;c Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our &#64257;ndings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
***************************************************

 

[flacaltenn]

For you first article on large squid --- it starts off..
Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator

However, elevated CO2 also has more broad detrimental effects on the survival, growth, and respiratory physiology of marine animals (8&#8211;10), although most of these experiments were not undertaken with ocean acidification in mind and used unrealistically high CO2 levels. Thus, the effects of environmentally relevant pH reductions on noncalcifying marine biota are still poorly understood

Dayam. That's a bad start eh?

At the same time, global ocean temperature has risen over the past few decades by 0.1°C from the surface to a depth of 700 m (11), causing, among other things, an expansion of the oceanic oxygen minimum layer (12). Additional warming and encroaching hypoxia in the coming century will also influence physiological processes (13&#8211;15) and may drive, at the community level, profound changes to trophic interactions (16), diversity, and biogeography (13, 17). The synergistic effects of elevated CO2, hypoxia and temperature, are, to date, completely unexplored.

Speculation on the "completely unexplored" --- that's a challenge. Guess this FIRST STUDY WILL BE CONCLUSIVE PROOF for folks like Abraham then..

The jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas, is a large pelagic top predator endemic to the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), where temperature and oxygen are already near the upper and lower extremes, respectively, found in the oceans and where climate changes are expected to be pronounced

Things already not so peachy for this specie that's THRIVING in waters that Scientists CONSIDER --- "near the extremes" in temp and oxygen.. (similiar to the feelings my first wife had about living in Florida) Maybe the squid FEEL differently..

In fact, they use all of the oxygen carried in the blood on each cycle through the body, even at rest, leaving no venous oxygen reserve. Furthermore, blood&#8211;oxygen binding in most active squids is highly pH sensitive (supporting information (SI) Table S1), a property that facilitates oxygen release to demanding tissues, but presumably interferes with oxygen extraction from hypoxic or CO2-rich seawater. Consequently, these organisms are thought to live chronically &#8220;on the edge of oxygen limitation&#8221; (20) and are not well poised to adapt to future environmental changes that influence oxygen supply and demand. Jumbo squids are thus expected to be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, global warming, and hypoxia. Surprisingly, D. gigas undergoes diel vertical migrations into zones of pronounced hypoxia at mesopelagic depths (21), known as oxygen minimum layers (OML).

So even tho these delicious calamari samples have been diagnosed with COPD, they CHOOSE to continue a life-style that exacerbates their physical limitations TODAY.

Video analysis confirmed that the cycles, referred to here as &#8220;active cycles,&#8221; correlated with activity levels as indicated by rates of mantle contraction for jet propulsion. The occurrence of such activity peaks enabled us to quantify what we define as the maximal (MaxMR), active (AMR), routine (RMR), and inactive metabolic rates (IMR) and the mean number of active cycles per hour. These designations are based on the highest recorded rate (MRM), the average of rates expressed during peaks in the active cycles that were 20% higher (AMR) and 15% lower (IMR) than the average for the entire run (RMR)

OK --- we LOOKED at them at play and at work..

Because ventilation and locomotion are tied via contraction of the large muscular mantle (23), ventilation is a very costly part of the energy budget in squids. Excess ventilation during hypoxic exposure would drive oxygen demand up in a positive feedback loop that would presumably prohibit the maintenance of routine aerobic metabolic rates in the oxygen minimum layer. Thus, whereas the OML restricts the depth distribution of competing vertebrate predators to the upper surface layers because of their more limited hypoxia tolerance (ref. 24, Fig. 3B), D. gigas circumvents similar restrictions via metabolic suppression and spends the daytime in deep, cold, and oxygen-depleted waters

Which BY THE WAY --- those deep cold waters are a 1000% MORE ACIDIC than the surface waters that make them active.. Is this REALLY about acidification so far?? Here we go...

Under the elevated CO2 conditions predicted for the end of this century, the squid's oxygen demand was significantly reduced (Figs. 1 and 4, and Fig. S2). At 25°C, MaxMR decreased, on average, from 70 to 48 &#956;mol O2 g&#8722;1 h&#8722;1 (P < 0.05; Fig. 4A), which represented a reduction of 31% (Fig. 4B). Similar CO2-induced decreases in MaxMR were attained at 10° and 20°C (P < 0.05; Fig. 4 A and B). Significant reductions were also observed for all of the other measured rates and temperatures, with the exceptions of RMR and IMR at 10°C (crosses in Fig. 4). The number of activity cycles per hour was also significantly reduced between 55 and 84% (P < 0.05; Fig. 4B).

How was THIS DONE? On the ship in a 2 foot deep tank?

Although the OML environment is characterized by both hypoxia and high CO2 levels (26), our results indicate that the effect of oxygen availability on the squid's metabolic rate overwhelms the more subtle CO2 effect while at its cold, hypoxic daytime habitat depth. Low pH and high CO2 are common triggers of metabolic depression (27), but they do not cause a substantial metabolic depression in D. gigas while in the OML (Fig. 4B). However, at warmer temperatures, carbon dioxide becomes an important influence on D. gigas ' metabolic rate.

Now Whoooop ---- there it is..

Field data with satellite-linked pop-up archival transmitting tags in the Sea of Cortez support this contention. Gilly and collaborators (21) reported that D. gigas spends <10% of its time at temperatures >20°C, while Davis and collaborators (29) reported that the cumulative probability of a squid making a deep dive was reduced to only a few minutes at temperatures >22°C. In other words, excursions into warm surface waters were often terminated by rapid deep dives to cooler waters that are thought to provide thermal relief.

By the end of the 21st century, the ETP is expected to warm, between 2° and 3°C because of weakening tropical circulations (2), and seawater pH will decline by as much as 0.3 unit.

Amazing.. We THINK the squid are seeking thermal relief.. Who woulda thunk? And WHAT IS the natural variation of the OML temps in their CURRENT RANGE? Not specified..

Jumbo squids, D. gigas (1.2&#8211;50.8 g of total weight), were collected in Santa Rosalia (27°N, 112°W) and Guaymas (27°N, 111°W) basins in the Gulf of California (aboard RV New Horizon, Scripps Institution) in May and June 2006 and June 2007 and in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP1, 13°N, 104°W; ETP2, 8.5°N, 90°W; aboard RV Seward Johnson, Harbor Branch) in October and November 2007. Specimens were captured during the night, at the surface, by using a hand-held dip net (area &#8776;40 cm2), and immediately transferred to 10°C or 20°C aerated seawater aquaria on board ship where they were maintained up to 12 h before placement in a respiratory chamber. A total of 86 specimens were used.

Specimens were placed in a flow-through respirometer (270 ml volume, Loligo Systems), where they were allowed to acclimate for 8&#8211;12 h before measurements of aerobic metabolism began. Respirometers were immersed in a large thermostated water bath. Filtered (0.2 &#956;m) and treated (50 mg liter&#8722;1 streptomycin) seawater was pumped from a water-jacketed gas-equilibration column through the respirometers at a constant flow rate of 140 ml min&#8722;1. The water in the column was bubbled continuously with humidified certified mixtures of air to maintain incoming water at normal (21% O2) or low PO2 (certified gas mixture with 1% O2) for the hypoxia experiments and high (certified gas mixture with 0.1% CO2) or normal PCO2 (0.03% CO2) for the CO2 experiments. The pH of the afferent water was measured (Orion model 720A+ meter, flow-thru pH, Microelectrodes Inc.) to ensure that a constant CO2 level had been reached. CO2 treatment resulted in a 0.3 unit pH decrease (normocapnia pH 7.93 ± 0.05; hypercapnia pH 7.62 ± 0.08).

Great -- squid on life support being exposed to a 0.3 pH decrease.. Here's the NUGGET..

Any questions?? TEMPerature is the driving force here on metabolic rates. And the Hypercapnia cases were in a FREAKING AQUARIUM for a day before the tests began. So being LESS ACTIVE ends up being quite subjective.. As they admit..

Note that pelagic predators such as D. gigas rarely stop swimming in nature and that we did not quantify locomotion continuously for any experiment in its entirety. Thus, while our inactive metabolic rates do not necessarily meet the criteria set for &#8220;standard&#8221; metabolic rates in mammalian and other model organisms, we feel that they are a reasonable approximation of a standard metabolic rate.

I'll GIVE you the data --- but you're gonna have to explain to me how MASSIVE doses of CO2, equivalent to our worse DOOMSDAY SCENARIO predict any effect TODAY on this specie..

And finding a 10% in metabolic rate change while trapped in tank containing VAST AMOUNTS of CO2 isn't really indicating that much to me right now.. Except that I should have been reading something else for 30 minutes..

Got another DEFINITIVE, SKEPTIC DEMOLISHING, CONCLUSIVE study you want to discuss?

 

[flacaltenn]

So far we have a 6 hour recipe for cooking mussels and a landmark cure for hyperactivity disorder in squid,

you know I have a plausible alternate explaination for those calamari co2 results. Exposure to high co2 is what these creatures get every night when they SLEEP in those cold deep acid waters. You dont suppose that hypercapnia triggers or suggests a reduction in meta bolic rates? No couldnt be that simple. It has to be evil and deadly.

At the levels of projected OA ---- I guess the squid would go to bed in their happy co2 rich beds an hour earlier each day.

Why is the debate over when all this hyped volume of research is so inconclusive?

 

[Abraham3]

So far we have a 6 hour recipe for cooking mussels and a landmark cure for hyperactivity disorder in squid,

you know I have a plausible alternate explaination for those calamari co2 results. Exposure to high co2 is what these creatures get every night when they SLEEP in those cold deep acid waters. You dont suppose that hypercapnia triggers or suggests a reduction in meta bolic rates? No couldnt be that simple. It has to be evil and deadly.

At the levels of projected OA ---- I guess the squid would go to bed in their happy co2 rich beds an hour earlier each day.

Why is the debate over when all this hyped volume of research is so inconclusive?

Doesn't it bother you to find yourself rejecting fundamental physical realities? Increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere will lead to decreased pH in the world's oceans, lakes, rivers, etc. Organisms that depend on the precipitation of carbonate compounds will be adversely affected. And, as it turns out, many other metabolic, reproductive, circulatory and immune response processes in many different organisms will also be adversely affected. Spending the last week and a half yelling at us about larval oysters in the American northwest has convinced no one. The WORLD's scientists have found adverse responses to AGW and increased atmospheric CO2 everywhere they've looked.

AGW is real. It is caused primarily by CO2. Besides increasing the temperature of the Earth's land, air and seas, it is causing ocean acidification which has a strong negative impact on molluscidae, cnidarians and tube worms, just for starters. Denying these points is ridiculous.

 

[westwall]

So far we have a 6 hour recipe for cooking mussels and a landmark cure for hyperactivity disorder in squid,

you know I have a plausible alternate explaination for those calamari co2 results. Exposure to high co2 is what these creatures get every night when they SLEEP in those cold deep acid waters. You dont suppose that hypercapnia triggers or suggests a reduction in meta bolic rates? No couldnt be that simple. It has to be evil and deadly.

At the levels of projected OA ---- I guess the squid would go to bed in their happy co2 rich beds an hour earlier each day.

Why is the debate over when all this hyped volume of research is so inconclusive?

Doesn't it bother you to find yourself rejecting fundamental physical realities? Increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere will lead to decreased pH in the world's oceans, lakes, rivers, etc. Organisms that depend on the precipitation of carbonate compounds will be adversely affected. And, as it turns out, many other metabolic, reproductive, circulatory and immune response processes in many different organisms will also be adversely affected. Spending the last week and a half yelling at us about larval oysters in the American northwest has convinced no one. The WORLD's scientists have found adverse responses to AGW and increased atmospheric CO2 everywhere they've looked.

AGW is real. It is caused primarily by CO2. Besides increasing the temperature of the Earth's land, air and seas, it is causing ocean acidification which has a strong negative impact on molluscidae, cnidarians and tube worms, just for starters. Denying these points is ridiculous.

It is nice to see you rely on faith instead of science. However, non religious types require scientific proof to back up claims like that. Science is MEASURABLE. AGW is not measurable.

 

[ScienceRocks]

Science is all about evidence and new data. Slowly over time it does charge and evolve but the theory has held up pretty good.

Agree???

 

[flacaltenn]

So far we have a 6 hour recipe for cooking mussels and a landmark cure for hyperactivity disorder in squid,

you know I have a plausible alternate explaination for those calamari co2 results. Exposure to high co2 is what these creatures get every night when they SLEEP in those cold deep acid waters. You dont suppose that hypercapnia triggers or suggests a reduction in meta bolic rates? No couldnt be that simple. It has to be evil and deadly.

At the levels of projected OA ---- I guess the squid would go to bed in their happy co2 rich beds an hour earlier each day.

Why is the debate over when all this hyped volume of research is so inconclusive?

Doesn't it bother you to find yourself rejecting fundamental physical realities? Increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere will lead to decreased pH in the world's oceans, lakes, rivers, etc. Organisms that depend on the precipitation of carbonate compounds will be adversely affected. And, as it turns out, many other metabolic, reproductive, circulatory and immune response processes in many different organisms will also be adversely affected. Spending the last week and a half yelling at us about larval oysters in the American northwest has convinced no one. The WORLD's scientists have found adverse responses to AGW and increased atmospheric CO2 everywhere they've looked.

AGW is real. It is caused primarily by CO2. Besides increasing the temperature of the Earth's land, air and seas, it is causing ocean acidification which has a strong negative impact on molluscidae, cnidarians and tube worms, just for starters. Denying these points is ridiculous.

Lets see. You lost the nw oyster farming gambit. You acknowledged the 6hr mussel study was small results. And you had no juice on the squid story.. gotta agree with westwall at this point. You are a believer. Its a compllete matter of faith in the gospel.

Give me the studies. Pick your fave. But dont sit there and prostelytize me into the holy spirit. Do I deny there might be a .1 or .2 change in pH by end of century? I suppose its possible as a surface effect and will be moved just as much by melting ice as it will by anthro CO2. I told you why TWICE I believe effects on life will be much less than the hype.

And HYPE is the subject of thiss thread. How a podunk GEOGRAPHY dept gets front page scary headlines twice in one week for rehashing speculation and fear. I guess you cant have religious zealots without instilling the feaar. Am iright?

Why dont you pick the next "proof" from your cites and amaze me with the clarity and overwhelming truth behind your beliefs? I love to actually discuss science. Not so interested in beliefs.

 

[westwall]

Science is all about evidence and new data. Slowly over time it does charge and evolve but the theory has held up pretty good.

Agree???

Hell no. It has failed miserably Matthew. Only someone who ignores the scientific method could say that.

 

[Abraham3]

Doesn't it bother you [FCT] to find yourself rejecting fundamental physical realities? Increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere will lead to decreased pH in the world's oceans, lakes, rivers, etc. Organisms that depend on the precipitation of carbonate compounds will be adversely affected. And, as it turns out, many other metabolic, reproductive, circulatory and immune response processes in many different organisms will also be adversely affected. Spending the last week and a half yelling at us about larval oysters in the American northwest has convinced no one. The WORLD's scientists have found adverse responses to AGW and increased atmospheric CO2 everywhere they've looked.

AGW is real. It is caused primarily by CO2. Besides increasing the temperature of the Earth's land, air and seas, it is causing ocean acidification which has a strong negative impact on molluscidae, cnidarians and tube worms, just for starters. Denying these points is ridiculous.

It is nice to see you rely on faith instead of science. However, non religious types require scientific proof to back up claims like that. Science is MEASURABLE. AGW is not measurable.

Can we take it from this that you reject ALL scientific theories that you have not personally verified?

 

[Abraham3]

Science is all about evidence and new data. Slowly over time it does charge and evolve but the theory has held up pretty good.

Agree???

Hell no. It has failed miserably Matthew. Only someone who ignores the scientific method could say that.

I found this entire exchange in Webster's under "the irony of delusion"

 

[Abraham3]

So, westwall, do you believe that the hundreds of peer reviewed papers utilized by the IPCC to put out AR5 ignored the scientific method?

And how about the "research institutions" on your side of the argument? The Heartland Institute, the Global Warming Policy Foundation, the Global Climate Coalition, the Charles G Koch Foundation, the George C Marshall Institute, the American Enterprise Institute, the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Energy Citizens and the American Petroleum Institute? Is that the scientific method THEY are practicing?

 

[PMZ]

So far we have a 6 hour recipe for cooking mussels and a landmark cure for hyperactivity disorder in squid,

you know I have a plausible alternate explaination for those calamari co2 results. Exposure to high co2 is what these creatures get every night when they SLEEP in those cold deep acid waters. You dont suppose that hypercapnia triggers or suggests a reduction in meta bolic rates? No couldnt be that simple. It has to be evil and deadly.

At the levels of projected OA ---- I guess the squid would go to bed in their happy co2 rich beds an hour earlier each day.

Why is the debate over when all this hyped volume of research is so inconclusive?

Doesn't it bother you to find yourself rejecting fundamental physical realities? Increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere will lead to decreased pH in the world's oceans, lakes, rivers, etc. Organisms that depend on the precipitation of carbonate compounds will be adversely affected. And, as it turns out, many other metabolic, reproductive, circulatory and immune response processes in many different organisms will also be adversely affected. Spending the last week and a half yelling at us about larval oysters in the American northwest has convinced no one. The WORLD's scientists have found adverse responses to AGW and increased atmospheric CO2 everywhere they've looked.

AGW is real. It is caused primarily by CO2. Besides increasing the temperature of the Earth's land, air and seas, it is causing ocean acidification which has a strong negative impact on molluscidae, cnidarians and tube worms, just for starters. Denying these points is ridiculous.

It is nice to see you rely on faith instead of science. However, non religious types require scientific proof to back up claims like that. Science is MEASURABLE. AGW is not measurable.

You're right. Using science to understand what's happening right now is more reliable than to understand what happened yesterday or will happen tomorrow.

We could wait for us to do whatever we're going to do with earth's remaining fossil fuels, then wait for the resulting climate to stabilize, then see what sea level results, what changes in precipitation occur and what that means in terms of agriculture and other weather dependent enterprises, and what extreme weather ensues, and measure the heck out of everything.

Of course at that point we'll either have converted to sustainable energy or returned to the caves.

If all of the measures determine that most of us will have to die, that could be accomplished through the wars necessary to decide who will live.

We could follow your path.

Or we could use science to predict what's likely to happen if we don't act, and, instead, change the outcome to one more favorable to more of us.

 

[flacaltenn]

Science is all about evidence and new data. Slowly over time it does charge and evolve but the theory has held up pretty good.

Agree???

Of course not..

Is there some good science underneath all the uneccessary HYPE and exageration? Of course there's "some". Not as solid or landmark as the PRESS RELEASES says it is. But even these over-interpreted marine bio studies are "somewhat useful"..

You don't wrap a valid study in a stinking bag of politically correct nonsense unless you're a zealot or you're getting paid to wrap it that way... You DO IT to get the mental midgets in the press to INTERPRET the results towards favorable public policy.