Oceans will be drastically different by 2100

[Pennywise]

That's a terrifying headline. I'm glad the ocean's weren't this different millions of years ago. The Dinosaurs knew climate change was bogus and they drove SUV's and burned coal!

 

[mamooth]

Any further debate specifically on oysters and acidification should be continued at

But there is no debate. There are results, and there are people pretending not to see the results because it contradicts their politics.

---
When the pH was low, baby oysters died within two days. By drawing water only when the pH was normal, shellfish production got back on track.

“They told us it was like turning on headlights on a car — it was so clear what was going on,” Feely said
---

Those are the results. It's not bacteria or viruses (which they tested for), it's the pH. Plain and simple real world results. Y'all aren't doing yourselves any favors by declaring the real world can't possibly apply to the real world.

 

[westwall]

Any further debate specifically on oysters and acidification should be continued at

But there is no debate. There are results, and there are people pretending not to see the results because it contradicts their politics.

---
When the pH was low, baby oysters died within two days. By drawing water only when the pH was normal, shellfish production got back on track.

“They told us it was like turning on headlights on a car — it was so clear what was going on,” Feely said
---

Those are the results. It's not bacteria or viruses (which they tested for), it's the pH. Plain and simple real world results. Y'all aren't doing yourselves any favors by declaring the real world can't possibly apply to the real world.

You got one thing correct there admiral, there are indeed results. Whenever a scientist has tried to destroy a oyster through acidification the exact opposite has occurred. The oysters manifested thicker shells and thrived.

 

[flacaltenn]

Not only that.. But to reach that conclusion -- Mammy had to completely ignore the NOAA study I posted AND he had to ignore the explanation of colder waters containing MORE CO2. And the fact that the SPECIES in question are ALLOWED only because they can't PROCREATE and thrive in those non-native COLD waters.. It's too damn cold.. Mammy doesn't understand that the water that made the oysters "all better" was WARMER water. It's the Cold upwelling ocean currents (rich in CO2) that are associated with the mortality. The operating term there is "COLD", not CO2.

"Like turning on the headlights in a car".... Yeah -- if you're a whining oyster farmer who is looking to blame the world for his lack of knowledge.

That's a MOUNTAIN of denial right there.. Or the understanding just isn't there...
Take another victory lap there Admiral.. It's amusing..

 

[mamooth]

You got one thing correct there admiral, there are indeed results. Whenever a scientist has tried to destroy a oyster through acidification the exact opposite has occurred. The oysters manifested thicker shells and thrived.

Which has nothing to do with the fact that in the real world, lower pH water kills oyster larva. In the lab, too, as flac's study showed.

Not only that.. But to reach that conclusion -- Mammy had to completely ignore the NOAA study I posted

Yes, the one showing lower pH inhibiting larva growth. Interesting, but of limited use, since it didn't replicate all real-world conditions. You know what models the real world better? The real world.

AND he had to ignore the explanation of colder waters containing MORE CO2. And the fact that the SPECIES in question are ALLOWED only because they can't PROCREATE and thrive in those non-native COLD waters.. It's too damn cold..

Since ocean temps are warming, it is peculiar to blame cooling.

Plus, there's the issue that this cooler water never killed the oyster larva before. Flac, are you claiming that cool upwellings are never-seen-before phenomenon?

The low pH water kills oyster larva. That's observed fact in the real world. Writing it off as a socialist conspiracy by oyster farmers is riding the crazy train. You'd be better off trying to find alternate explanations for the low pH.

 

[flacaltenn]

You got one thing correct there admiral, there are indeed results. Whenever a scientist has tried to destroy a oyster through acidification the exact opposite has occurred. The oysters manifested thicker shells and thrived.

Which has nothing to do with the fact that in the real world, lower pH water kills oyster larva. In the lab, too, as flac's study showed.

NOTHING in the NOAA study confirms INCREASE mortality.. NOTHING.. In fact, those statements about measuring genetic markers for STRESS --- actually showed LOWER values at ABSURB amounts of CO2.

Can't you read? I'll repost it AGAIN below with the original FORMATTING tossed in to help you understand...

And your whining and crying about the Cold waters being "nothing new" isn't relevent. The waters are ALREADY too cold for these species.. That specie DIDN"T EXIST THERE 20 years ago.

The measured increases in pH were when there WAS cold water upwelling..
Are you that stupid? IT DOMINATES the problem compared to a 0.15deg global warming change over the lifetime of those farms.

 

[flacaltenn]

All that press about oysters not surviving a 0.04 change in PH on the West Coast due to SUVs and CO2? Put it on hold. The science is just now being done.

What we really have here is not EVIDENCE, but suspicion. And as usual in AGW science a bias towards leaping to conclusions. Couple of facts,

1) THis entire oyster dust-up is NOT about native marine life -- it's about farming. A bunch of bubbahs with a lot invested in oyster farming who can't seem to make a NON-NATIVE species grow fast enough to make a profit..

2) Tons of money available for research into OA so these farmers lock into a theory about CO2 causing their problems, alert the press, recruit the useful idiots.. GET THE F'ing MONEY! Have free diagnosis of your business problem..

3) Encourage researcher to include RIDICULOUS levels of pCO2 tolerances in their studies to guarantee the proper outcome. Sit back and wait for the magic to happen.

WHOOPS -- the plan doesn't work..

THE PLAN TO KILL YOUNG OYSTERS with CO2

Ocean acidification and emerging diseases in the Pacific Northwest | Roberts Lab

In the Pacific Northwest the environment has changed in a manner
that has contributed to increase mortality of bivalve larvae in
hatcheries and also appears to have decreased natural
recruitment. Several factors have been attributed to this
problem including temperature, ocean acidification, and
re-emerging pathogens. We are testing the impact of single and
multiple biotic and abiotic stressors (i.e. decreased pH) on
larval bivalves with a focus the Pacific oyster. In addition,
population level effects of ocean acidification will be
determined using select SNP markers.

Several local shellfish hatcheries, upon which nearly the entire
bivalve culture industry relies, have experienced severe losses
(e.g. up to 59%) over the past two years. Several factors have
been attributed to this problem including temperature, ocean
acidification, and re-emerging pathogens. Given the large-scale
environmental change observed in our marine ecosystems and the
relationship of host stress response and pathogen virulence with
environmental conditions, it is critical to examine the problems
facing bivalve larvae from a regional perspective by
systematically assessing how the environment influences the
spread of disease and the ability of oysters to effectively
respond to stress.

More specifically we will test the impact of single and multiple
biotic and abiotic stressors on larval bivalves with a focus on
the most economically important regional species, the Pacific
oyster (Crassostrea gigas). In order to assess the impact of
biotic and abiotic environmental factors on bivalve health, we
will also assess the abundance of oysters and other larvae in
Willapa, Dabob, and Netarts Bays in relation to water quality
parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity,
alkalinity, chlorophyll A, and pathogen load). The specific
rsearch objectives are to: 1) Characterize the interrelationship
of altered environmental conditions, pathogen, and oyster
response under controlled conditions and 2) Identify factors in
Pacific Northwest hatcheries and in the wild that are associated
with poor oyster larvae survival.

THE INCONVIENIENT TRUTH about pCO2

Progress Reports: Ocean acidification and emerging diseases in the Pacific Northwest | Roberts Lab

Wild-collected adult C. gigas were strip spawned and gametes
(separate eggs and sperm) were pooled. Fertilizations occurred
in water equilibrated to two different pCO2: 380 ppm (current
levels) and 840 ppm (near end-of-century estimation). <<WOW!!!>>
Fertilization times were staggered and there were 3 fertilization
times per treatment with 3 replicates per time (9 replicates per
treatment). Developing embryos were sampled at times
post-fertilization that correspond to important stages in
development: 1 h, 2h, 5h, 17h, and 24h. We collected data on the
proportion of larvae that had reached cleavage, hatching, etc.
for the different time points. We found that the larvae
developing in the 840 ppm treatment were slower to develop than
larvae at 380 ppm.

[/B] <<NOAA read this part of the 1st progress report and realized there wasn't ENOUGH POISON to kill anything. So the lab
was INSTRUCTED to use RIDICULOUSLY high amounts of CO2 in future work>>


In collaboration with the Northwest Fisheries Science Center
(NOAA, NWFSC) we reared larvae until 48 hours post-fertilization
at 4 different pCO2 treatments: 280 ppm (pre-industrial levels),
380 ppm (current day), 750 ppm (projected mid-century), 2000 ppm
(pessimistic end-of-century). <<MORE POISON Dr. Frankenstein>>
There were 6 replicates per treatment.
As described above, adult wild-collected oysters were strip spawned and larvae were monitored in the different
treatments for the ability to reach developmental milestones,
percent fertilization, morphological abnormalities, and swimming
activity. At 24 hours post-fertilization larvae were also
assessed for percent calcification using polarized light. Also
at 24 hours post-fertilization we took samples of larvae from 3
larval chambers per treatment to store for gene expression
analysis.

We found that C. gigas larvae in this experiment had
the greatest success of calcification at 380 ppm and the poorest
at 2000 ppm. Calcification at 280 and 750 ppm decreased when
compared to 380 ppm, but the majority of the larvae were fully
calcified.


<<Lemme repeat a part of that>>
Calcification at 280 and 750 ppm decreased when
compared to 380 ppm, but the majority of the larvae were fully
calcified.
<<They couldn't hack the pre-industrial level of CO2>>

The greatest proportion of larvae with normal
morphology was observed at 380 ppm and the greatest incidence of
abnormal morphology was observed at 2000 ppm. Gene expression
analysis of hsp70 revealed elevated expression at 750 ppm when
compared with 380 ppm, but decreased expression at 2000 ppm
compared to 750 ppm. One intepretation of this is that the
larval stress response reaches a threshold in its ability to
respond to this stressor in water that in greater that 750 ppm
pC02.

Disease susceptibility of Pacific oyster larvae at elevated &#55349;&#57095;atm
CO2 levels- Disease challenges were performed exposing C. gigas
larvae to a combination of elevated &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2 and Vt. These
experiments examined C. gigas larval susceptibility to vibriosis
caused by Vt at three &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2 levels (ambient (~380), 750 and
2000 ppm &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2). Specialty gas mixtures of air and CO2 (2000
and 750 ppm &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2) (Praxair, Inc.) were used to produce
elevated &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2 conditions.

No significant differences in larval susceptibility was detected
at elevated either elevated &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2 when compared to ambient
levels.

Although LD50 values are lower for prodissoconch I larvae
at 2000 &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2, no significant differences were detected when
compared to ambient or 750 &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2 (Table 5). Figures 3a and 3b
illustrate proportions of larval survival at both larval stages
over 72 hours of exposure. Again, no significant differences in
larval survival was seen at elevated &#55349;&#57095;atm CO2.
Further statistical analyses are still underway to further validate these
findings. <<I BET -- NOAA must be fuming>>

Oyster Larvae Growth and Calcification at Three Different pCO2-
Experimental conditions were maintained using a flow-through
seawater system in Friday Harbor, Washington, USA. Three
experimental treatments were chosen to correspond with dissolved
CO2 levels of 400, 700 or 1000 ppm in the atmosphere. These
levels correspond to near current ambient oceanic conditions,
projections for mid-century pCO2, and end-of-century,
respectively (IPCC 2007).

Larval size (shell height and hinge length) was similar across
experimental treatments after 24 hours, however by day 3 larvae
grew significantly larger (height and length) in the Ambient and
MidCO2 compared to the HighCO2 treatment. Between days 1 and 3
larvae increased in size under Ambient conditions (shell height,
P < 1e-7) and MidCO2 conditions (shell height, P < 1e-7; Figure
4). Developmental rate did not vary across treatments.

As part of second experiment, C. gigas juveniles were exposed to
6 different levels of pCO2 (the same as above) for 1 month. At
the end of the month, oysters were sampled for transcriptomics,
proteomics, and histology. A subset of the oysters were subjected
to mechanical stress and similarly sampled. The goal of the
mechanical stress was to simulate a general secondary stressor to
see if OA affects response to other stress. Another group of
oysters from each treatment was subjected to one of three
temperatures representing thermal stress: 44°C (lethal
temperature, or LT), 43°C (LT-1°C), or 42°C (LT-2°C). Mortality
was monitored over a week and any surviving oysters were sampled
at the end of the week.

There was slightly more shell growth at ambient conditions
compared to all elevated pCO2 conditions, although there was no
overall consistent trend in the effect of pCO2 on shell growth.

We also accomplished preliminary proteomics on one sample to
ensure that we will be able to sequence and identify proteins.
The sequencing was successful and we were able to annotate almost
300 peptides.

How sad eh??

Does THAT help you Mammy??

 

[Abraham3]

FlaCalTenn,

You have one study on one specie. The folks who disagree with you have hundreds of studies covering thousands of species. What do you think we should make of that?

 

[CrusaderFrank]

FlaCalTenn,

You have one study on one specie. The folks who disagree with you have hundreds of studies covering thousands of species. What do you think we should make of that?

Are you back on the Ocean acidification totally debunked point again?

 

[flacaltenn]

FlaCalTenn,

You have one study on one specie. The folks who disagree with you have hundreds of studies covering thousands of species. What do you think we should make of that?

This was the Big Kahuna of the OAcid case. More press than any other evidence. So big that CBS last month in their big Boiling Oceans fart was STILL showcasing dying baby oysters.

The problem is the rate of the unfounded allegations being much higher than the rate of real science to determine the truth. You cant win against a mob of zombies with just a baseball bat.

Maybe we need ouur own govt sugardaddy to keep up.

 

[westwall]

You got one thing correct there admiral, there are indeed results. Whenever a scientist has tried to destroy a oyster through acidification the exact opposite has occurred. The oysters manifested thicker shells and thrived.

Which has nothing to do with the fact that in the real world, lower pH water kills oyster larva. In the lab, too, as flac's study showed.

Not only that.. But to reach that conclusion -- Mammy had to completely ignore the NOAA study I posted

Yes, the one showing lower pH inhibiting larva growth. Interesting, but of limited use, since it didn't replicate all real-world conditions. You know what models the real world better? The real world.

AND he had to ignore the explanation of colder waters containing MORE CO2. And the fact that the SPECIES in question are ALLOWED only because they can't PROCREATE and thrive in those non-native COLD waters.. It's too damn cold..

Since ocean temps are warming, it is peculiar to blame cooling.

Plus, there's the issue that this cooler water never killed the oyster larva before. Flac, are you claiming that cool upwellings are never-seen-before phenomenon?

The low pH water kills oyster larva. That's observed fact in the real world. Writing it off as a socialist conspiracy by oyster farmers is riding the crazy train. You'd be better off trying to find alternate explanations for the low pH.

Doesn't seem to. Cold water does though. As Flacaltenn pointed out, you are ignoring rafts of peer reviewed papers that say you're full of shit.

 

[westwall]

FlaCalTenn,

You have one study on one specie. The folks who disagree with you have hundreds of studies covering thousands of species. What do you think we should make of that?

No, we have MULTIPLE studies (I posted some too) and the fact that the oysters are NOT INDIGENOUS TO THE AREA!

Get a clue dude.

 

[Abraham3]

Not indigenous to what area? Last I checked, we were talking about the world's oceans.

 

[Peterf]

Given that every prediction made by AGW alarmists so far has been spectactularly wrong why should anyone give any credit to this one? But at least they have the sense to choose 2100 by which time they will be long gone and avoid the odium currently the lot of may predictors.

 

[flacaltenn]

Not indigenous to what area? Last I checked, we were talking about the world's oceans.

The oysters.. Of course.

1) OA is primarily a surface phenomenon unless the process goes unchecked for a century or more. Thus species below say 200m are not likely victims for many many decades...

2) If mortal amounts of decalcification was NOT FOUND for oysters up to 2000 ppm, it's less likely that other shelled creatures bigger than a coral polyp will have problems.

3) Estuaries and bays, deltas with large fresh water sources are too variable already to be shocked by a 0.2 change in PH.

For crying out loud --- proceed to test. Or better yet do in situ bio surveys. But don't ASSUME that the entire ocean volume is gonna spontaneously turn acidic and kill all life because of CO2.

 

[Abraham3]

.

For crying out loud --- proceed to test. Or better yet do in situ bio surveys. But don't ASSUME that the entire ocean volume is gonna spontaneously turn acidic and kill all life because of CO2.

Assume? ASSUME?!?!? What the F is WRONG with you?!?

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54) Gazeau, F.; Quiblier, C.; Jansen, J. M.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Middelburg, J. J. and Heip, C. H. R. (2007). "Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (7): L07603. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3407603G. doi:10.1029/2006GL028554.
55) Comeau, C.; Gorsky, G., Jeffree, R., Teyssié, J.-L. and Gattuso, J.-P. (2009). "Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc ("Limacina helicina")". Biogeosciences 6 (9): 1877–1882. doi:10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009.
56) Buitenhuis, E. T.; de Baar, H. J. W. and Veldhuis, M. J. W. (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification by Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) as a function of inorganic carbon species". Journal of Phycology 35 (5): 949–959. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3550949.x.
57) Nimer, N. A.; Merrett, M. J. (1993). "Calcification rate in Emiliania huxleyi Lohmann in response to light, nitrate and availability of inorganic carbon". New Phytologist 123 (4): 673–677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03776.x.
58) Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D.; Halloran, P. R., Rickaby, R. E. M., Hall, I. R., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Gittins, J.R., Green, D.R.H., Tyrrell, T., Gibbs, S.J., von Dassow, P., Rehm, E., Armbrust, E.V. and Boessenkool, K.P. (2008). "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO2 World". Science 320 (5874): 336–340. Bibcode:2008Sci...320..336I. doi:10.1126/science.1154122. PMID 18420926.
59) Sciandra, A.; Harlay, J., Lefevre, D. et al. (2003). "Response of coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi to elevated partial pressure of CO2 under nitrogen limitation". Marine Ecology Progress Series 261: 111–112. doi:10.3354/meps261111.
60) Langer, G.; Geisen, M., Baumann, K. H. et al. (2006). "Species-specific responses of calcifying algae to changing seawater carbonate chemistry". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (9): Q09006. Bibcode:2006GGG.....709006L. doi:10.1029/2005GC001227.
61) "Acidification Of Oceans May Contribute To Global Declines Of Shellfish, Study By Stony Brook Scientists Concludes" (Press release). School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
62) Ruttiman, J. (2006). "Sick Seas". Nature 442 (7106): 978–980. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..978R. doi:10.1038/442978a. PMID 16943816.
63) Cohen, A.; Holcomb, M. (2009). "Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism". Oceanography 24: 118–127.
64) Hannah L. Wood, John I. Spicer and Stephen Widdicombe (2008). "Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 (1644): 1767–1773. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0343. PMC 2587798. PMID 18460426.
65) Dixson, D. L.; et al. (2010). "Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues". Ecology Letters 13 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01400.x. PMID 19917053.
66) Simpson, S. D.; et al. (2011). "Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish". Biology Letters.
67) Acid In The Oceans: A Growing Threat To Sea Life by Richard Harris. All Things Considered, 12 August 2009.
68) Kwok, Roberta. "Ocean acidification could make squid develop abnormally". University of Washington. Retrieved 8/24/2013.
69) "Swiss marine researcher moving in for the krill". The Australian. 2008.
70) Some like it acidic April 17, 2013 Science News
71) Ridgwell, A.; Zondervan, I.; Hargreaves, J. C.; Bijma, J.; and Lenton, T. M. (2007). "Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO2 uptake due to CO2-calcification feedback". Biogeosciences 4 (4): 481–492. doi:10.5194/bg-4-481-2007.
72) Tyrrell, T. (2008). "Calcium carbonate cycling in future oceans and its influence on future climates". Journal of Plankton Research 30 (2): 141–156. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbm105.
73) Table TS.2 (p.9) and Figure TS.10 (p.20), in: Technical Summary, in Clarke & others 2007
74) Halting ocean acidification in time, in: Summary for Policymakers, in WBGU 2006, p. 3
75) UNFCCC. Conference of the Parties (COP) (15 March 2011), Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, p.3, paragraph 4. Document available in UN languages and text format.
76) Ch 2: Which emission pathways are consistent with a 2° C or 1.5° C temperature limit?, in UNEP 2010, pp. 28-29
77) Good & others 2010, Executive Summary
78) Summary, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. ix-xii
79) "Ch 5: Key Elements of America's Climate Choices", Box 5.1: Geoengineering, in US NRC 2011, pp. 52-53
80) Trujillo, Alan (2011). Essentials of Oceanography. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 157. ISBN 9780321668127.
81) Cao, L.; Caldeira, K. (2010). "Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification?". Climatic Change 99 (1-2): 303–311. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9799-4.
82) Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. 16-19
83) Table 2.8, in: Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, p. 18
84) DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D. ; Hardy, Dennis R. ; Lewis, M. Kathleen ; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 - Initial Feasibility Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
85) Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 - Laboratory Scaling Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
86) Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science 5 (6): 7346–52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

Or is this the spot that you tell us that NONE of these researchers - or the scientists who reviewed their work - can be trusted because they are all greedy and willing to lie because research grants allow them to buy nice cars and fast women?

 

[editec]

Everybody's entitled to their own opinion but nobody gets to have their own facts.

Dscussing complex issues like glabal warming without a MUTUALLY AGREED UPON SET OF FACTS, is a waste of time.

 

[flacaltenn]

.

For crying out loud --- proceed to test. Or better yet do in situ bio surveys. But don't ASSUME that the entire ocean volume is gonna spontaneously turn acidic and kill all life because of CO2.

Assume? ASSUME?!?!? What the F is WRONG with you?!?

REFERENCES

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02) Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (4): 661&#8211;677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.
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25) Wootton, J. T.; Pfister, C. A. and Forester, J. D. (2008). "Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (48): 18848&#8211;18853. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10518848W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810079105. PMC 2596240. PMID 19033205.
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31) Report: Ocean acidification rising at unprecedented rate
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34) Hönisch, Bärbel; Ridgwell, Andy; Schmidt, Daniela N. (2012). "The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification". Science 335 (6072): 1058&#8211;1063. Bibcode:2012Sci...335.1058H. doi:10.1126/science.1208277.
35) The Acid Ocean &#8211; the Other Problem with CO2 Emission
36) How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out
37) Huffington Post, 9 July 2012, "Ocean Acidification Is Climate Change's 'Equally Evil Twin,' NOAA Chief Says," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/0...m_hp_ref=green
38) Fiona Harvey, environment correspondent (2013-08-25). "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study | Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
39) Atkinson, M.J.; Cuet, P. (2008). "Possible effects of ocean acidification on coral reef biogeochemistry: topics for research". Marine Ecology Progress Series 373: 249&#8211;256. doi:10.3354/meps07867.
40) Thurman, H.V.; Trujillo, A.P. (2004). Introductory Oceanography. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-143888-0.
41) The Royal Society. Ocean Acidification Due To Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, The Clyvedon Press Ltd. (2005): 11.
42) Marubini, F.; Ferrier-Pagès, C.; Furla, P.; Allemand, D. (2008). "Coral calcification responds to seawater acidification: a working hypothesis towards a physiological mechanism". Coral Reefs 27 (3): 491&#8211;499. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..491M. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0375-6.
43) National Research Council. "Overview of Climate Changes and Illustrative Impacts." Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. 1. Print.
44) Nienhuis, S.; Palmer, A.; Harley, C. (2010). "Elevated CO2 affects shell dissolution rate but not calcification rate in a marine snail". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1693): 2553&#8211;2558. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0206. PMC 2894921. PMID 20392726.
45) Gattuso, J.-P.; Frankignoulle, M.; Bourge, I.; Romaine, S. and Buddemeier, R. W. (1998). "Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification". Global and Planetary Change 18 (1&#8211;2): 37&#8211;46. Bibcode:1998GPC....18...37G. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6.
46) Gattuso, J.-P.; Allemand, D.; Frankignoulle, M. (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification at cellular, organismal and community levels in coral reefs: a review on interactions and control by carbonate chemistry". American Zoologist 39: 160&#8211;183.
47) Langdon, C.; Atkinson, M. J. (2005). "Effect of elevated pCO2 on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment". Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (C09S07): C09S07. Bibcode:2005JGRC..11009S07L. doi:10.1029/2004JC002576.
48) Riebesell, Ulf; Zondervan, Ingrid; Rost, Björn; Tortell, Philippe D.; Zeebe, Richard E. and François M. M. Morel (2000). "Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2". Nature 407 (6802): 364&#8211;367. doi:10.1038/35030078. PMID 11014189.
49) Zondervan, I.; Zeebe, R. E., Rost, B. and Rieblesell, U. (2001). "Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: a negative feedback on rising atmospheric CO2". Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15 (2): 507&#8211;516. Bibcode:2001GBioC..15..507Z. doi:10.1029/2000GB001321.
50) Zondervan, I.; Rost, B. and Rieblesell, U. (2002). "Effect of CO2 concentration on the PIC/POC ratio in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi grown under light limiting conditions and different day lengths". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 272 (1): 55&#8211;70. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00037-0.
51) Delille, B.; Harlay, J., Zondervan, I., Jacquet, S., Chou, L., Wollast, R., Bellerby, R.G.J., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A.V., Riebesell, U. and Gattuso, J.-P. (2005). "Response of primary production and calcification to changes of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi". Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19 (2): GB2023. Bibcode:2005GBioC..19.2023D. doi:10.1029/2004GB002318.
52) Kuffner, I. B.; Andersson, A. J., Jokiel, P. L., Rodgers, K. S. and Mackenzie, F. T. (2007). "Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification". Nature Geoscience 1 (2): 114&#8211;117. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..114K. doi:10.1038/ngeo100.
53) Phillips, Graham; Chris Branagan (2007-09-13). "Ocean Acidification &#8211; The BIG global warming story". ABC TV Science: Catalyst (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 2007-09-18.
54) Gazeau, F.; Quiblier, C.; Jansen, J. M.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Middelburg, J. J. and Heip, C. H. R. (2007). "Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (7): L07603. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3407603G. doi:10.1029/2006GL028554.
55) Comeau, C.; Gorsky, G., Jeffree, R., Teyssié, J.-L. and Gattuso, J.-P. (2009). "Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc ("Limacina helicina")". Biogeosciences 6 (9): 1877&#8211;1882. doi:10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009.
56) Buitenhuis, E. T.; de Baar, H. J. W. and Veldhuis, M. J. W. (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification by Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) as a function of inorganic carbon species". Journal of Phycology 35 (5): 949&#8211;959. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3550949.x.
57) Nimer, N. A.; Merrett, M. J. (1993). "Calcification rate in Emiliania huxleyi Lohmann in response to light, nitrate and availability of inorganic carbon". New Phytologist 123 (4): 673&#8211;677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03776.x.
58) Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D.; Halloran, P. R., Rickaby, R. E. M., Hall, I. R., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Gittins, J.R., Green, D.R.H., Tyrrell, T., Gibbs, S.J., von Dassow, P., Rehm, E., Armbrust, E.V. and Boessenkool, K.P. (2008). "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO2 World". Science 320 (5874): 336&#8211;340. Bibcode:2008Sci...320..336I. doi:10.1126/science.1154122. PMID 18420926.
59) Sciandra, A.; Harlay, J., Lefevre, D. et al. (2003). "Response of coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi to elevated partial pressure of CO2 under nitrogen limitation". Marine Ecology Progress Series 261: 111&#8211;112. doi:10.3354/meps261111.
60) Langer, G.; Geisen, M., Baumann, K. H. et al. (2006). "Species-specific responses of calcifying algae to changing seawater carbonate chemistry". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (9): Q09006. Bibcode:2006GGG.....709006L. doi:10.1029/2005GC001227.
61) "Acidification Of Oceans May Contribute To Global Declines Of Shellfish, Study By Stony Brook Scientists Concludes" (Press release). School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
62) Ruttiman, J. (2006). "Sick Seas". Nature 442 (7106): 978&#8211;980. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..978R. doi:10.1038/442978a. PMID 16943816.
63) Cohen, A.; Holcomb, M. (2009). "Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism". Oceanography 24: 118&#8211;127.
64) Hannah L. Wood, John I. Spicer and Stephen Widdicombe (2008). "Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 (1644): 1767&#8211;1773. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0343. PMC 2587798. PMID 18460426.
65) Dixson, D. L.; et al. (2010). "Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues". Ecology Letters 13 (1): 68&#8211;75. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01400.x. PMID 19917053.
66) Simpson, S. D.; et al. (2011). "Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish". Biology Letters.
67) Acid In The Oceans: A Growing Threat To Sea Life by Richard Harris. All Things Considered, 12 August 2009.
68) Kwok, Roberta. "Ocean acidification could make squid develop abnormally". University of Washington. Retrieved 8/24/2013.
69) "Swiss marine researcher moving in for the krill". The Australian. 2008.
70) Some like it acidic April 17, 2013 Science News
71) Ridgwell, A.; Zondervan, I.; Hargreaves, J. C.; Bijma, J.; and Lenton, T. M. (2007). "Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO2 uptake due to CO2-calcification feedback". Biogeosciences 4 (4): 481&#8211;492. doi:10.5194/bg-4-481-2007.
72) Tyrrell, T. (2008). "Calcium carbonate cycling in future oceans and its influence on future climates". Journal of Plankton Research 30 (2): 141&#8211;156. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbm105.
73) Table TS.2 (p.9) and Figure TS.10 (p.20), in: Technical Summary, in Clarke & others 2007
74) Halting ocean acidification in time, in: Summary for Policymakers, in WBGU 2006, p. 3
75) UNFCCC. Conference of the Parties (COP) (15 March 2011), Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, p.3, paragraph 4. Document available in UN languages and text format.
76) Ch 2: Which emission pathways are consistent with a 2° C or 1.5° C temperature limit?, in UNEP 2010, pp. 28-29
77) Good & others 2010, Executive Summary
78) Summary, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. ix-xii
79) "Ch 5: Key Elements of America's Climate Choices", Box 5.1: Geoengineering, in US NRC 2011, pp. 52-53
80) Trujillo, Alan (2011). Essentials of Oceanography. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 157. ISBN 9780321668127.
81) Cao, L.; Caldeira, K. (2010). "Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification?". Climatic Change 99 (1-2): 303&#8211;311. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9799-4.
82) Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. 16-19
83) Table 2.8, in: Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, p. 18
84) DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D. ; Hardy, Dennis R. ; Lewis, M. Kathleen ; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 - Initial Feasibility Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
85) Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 - Laboratory Scaling Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
86) Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science 5 (6): 7346&#8211;52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

Or is this the spot that you tell us that NONE of these researchers - or the scientists who reviewed their work - can be trusted because they are all greedy and willing to lie because research grants allow them to buy nice cars and fast women?

I think we've established that you don't actually read these things.. You merely count and are impressed by numbers.. And SOME of those numbers you count --- have jackSHIT to do with the theory you're hawking..

Go back and read JUST THE TITLES of those reports and take out the ones that don't have a CHANCE of making your argument..

What you just did here is no different from a poo-flinging monkey that's pissed because I walk by with the cotton candy..


Start with the last dozen or so --- to wit...

77) Good & others 2010, Executive Summary
78) Summary, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. ix-xii
79) "Ch 5: Key Elements of America's Climate Choices", Box 5.1: Geoengineering, in US NRC 2011, pp. 52-53
80) Trujillo, Alan (2011). Essentials of Oceanography. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 157. ISBN 9780321668127.
81) Cao, L.; Caldeira, K. (2010). "Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification?". Climatic Change 99 (1-2): 303&#8211;311. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9799-4.
82) Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. 16-19
83) Table 2.8, in: Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, p. 18
84) DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D. ; Hardy, Dennis R. ; Lewis, M. Kathleen ; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 - Initial Feasibility Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
85) Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 - Laboratory Scaling Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
86) Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science 5 (6): 7346&#8211;52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

Also --- I don't believe i missed anything from ... ((13) "carbon cycle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 11 Feb 2010.))
Why don't you pick your top four favorites? Debate isn't shotgun target shooting. It's SUPPOSED to be informed exchange of facts TARGETED to the weaknesses of your opponent..

When you have a case for me to respond to --- please check back..

 

[westwall]

.

For crying out loud --- proceed to test. Or better yet do in situ bio surveys. But don't ASSUME that the entire ocean volume is gonna spontaneously turn acidic and kill all life because of CO2.

Assume? ASSUME?!?!? What the F is WRONG with you?!?

REFERENCES

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02) Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.
03) Feely, R. A.; et al. (July 2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans". Science. 305(5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
04) Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
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12) IAP (June 2009), Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.
13) "carbon cycle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 11 Feb 2010.
14) Raven, J. A.; Falkowski, P. G. (1999). "Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO2". Plant, Cell & Environment 22 (6): 741–755. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00419.x.
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35) The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with CO2 Emission
36) How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out
37) Huffington Post, 9 July 2012, "Ocean Acidification Is Climate Change's 'Equally Evil Twin,' NOAA Chief Says," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/0...m_hp_ref=green
38) Fiona Harvey, environment correspondent (2013-08-25). "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study | Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
39) Atkinson, M.J.; Cuet, P. (2008). "Possible effects of ocean acidification on coral reef biogeochemistry: topics for research". Marine Ecology Progress Series 373: 249–256. doi:10.3354/meps07867.
40) Thurman, H.V.; Trujillo, A.P. (2004). Introductory Oceanography. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-143888-0.
41) The Royal Society. Ocean Acidification Due To Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, The Clyvedon Press Ltd. (2005): 11.
42) Marubini, F.; Ferrier-Pagès, C.; Furla, P.; Allemand, D. (2008). "Coral calcification responds to seawater acidification: a working hypothesis towards a physiological mechanism". Coral Reefs 27 (3): 491–499. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..491M. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0375-6.
43) National Research Council. "Overview of Climate Changes and Illustrative Impacts." Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. 1. Print.
44) Nienhuis, S.; Palmer, A.; Harley, C. (2010). "Elevated CO2 affects shell dissolution rate but not calcification rate in a marine snail". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1693): 2553–2558. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0206. PMC 2894921. PMID 20392726.
45) Gattuso, J.-P.; Frankignoulle, M.; Bourge, I.; Romaine, S. and Buddemeier, R. W. (1998). "Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification". Global and Planetary Change 18 (1–2): 37–46. Bibcode:1998GPC....18...37G. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6.
46) Gattuso, J.-P.; Allemand, D.; Frankignoulle, M. (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification at cellular, organismal and community levels in coral reefs: a review on interactions and control by carbonate chemistry". American Zoologist 39: 160–183.
47) Langdon, C.; Atkinson, M. J. (2005). "Effect of elevated pCO2 on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment". Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (C09S07): C09S07. Bibcode:2005JGRC..11009S07L. doi:10.1029/2004JC002576.
48) Riebesell, Ulf; Zondervan, Ingrid; Rost, Björn; Tortell, Philippe D.; Zeebe, Richard E. and François M. M. Morel (2000). "Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2". Nature 407 (6802): 364–367. doi:10.1038/35030078. PMID 11014189.
49) Zondervan, I.; Zeebe, R. E., Rost, B. and Rieblesell, U. (2001). "Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: a negative feedback on rising atmospheric CO2". Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15 (2): 507–516. Bibcode:2001GBioC..15..507Z. doi:10.1029/2000GB001321.
50) Zondervan, I.; Rost, B. and Rieblesell, U. (2002). "Effect of CO2 concentration on the PIC/POC ratio in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi grown under light limiting conditions and different day lengths". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 272 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00037-0.
51) Delille, B.; Harlay, J., Zondervan, I., Jacquet, S., Chou, L., Wollast, R., Bellerby, R.G.J., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A.V., Riebesell, U. and Gattuso, J.-P. (2005). "Response of primary production and calcification to changes of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi". Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19 (2): GB2023. Bibcode:2005GBioC..19.2023D. doi:10.1029/2004GB002318.
52) Kuffner, I. B.; Andersson, A. J., Jokiel, P. L., Rodgers, K. S. and Mackenzie, F. T. (2007). "Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification". Nature Geoscience 1 (2): 114–117. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..114K. doi:10.1038/ngeo100.
53) Phillips, Graham; Chris Branagan (2007-09-13). "Ocean Acidification – The BIG global warming story". ABC TV Science: Catalyst (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 2007-09-18.
54) Gazeau, F.; Quiblier, C.; Jansen, J. M.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Middelburg, J. J. and Heip, C. H. R. (2007). "Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (7): L07603. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3407603G. doi:10.1029/2006GL028554.
55) Comeau, C.; Gorsky, G., Jeffree, R., Teyssié, J.-L. and Gattuso, J.-P. (2009). "Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc ("Limacina helicina")". Biogeosciences 6 (9): 1877–1882. doi:10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009.
56) Buitenhuis, E. T.; de Baar, H. J. W. and Veldhuis, M. J. W. (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification by Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) as a function of inorganic carbon species". Journal of Phycology 35 (5): 949–959. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3550949.x.
57) Nimer, N. A.; Merrett, M. J. (1993). "Calcification rate in Emiliania huxleyi Lohmann in response to light, nitrate and availability of inorganic carbon". New Phytologist 123 (4): 673–677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03776.x.
58) Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D.; Halloran, P. R., Rickaby, R. E. M., Hall, I. R., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Gittins, J.R., Green, D.R.H., Tyrrell, T., Gibbs, S.J., von Dassow, P., Rehm, E., Armbrust, E.V. and Boessenkool, K.P. (2008). "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO2 World". Science 320 (5874): 336–340. Bibcode:2008Sci...320..336I. doi:10.1126/science.1154122. PMID 18420926.
59) Sciandra, A.; Harlay, J., Lefevre, D. et al. (2003). "Response of coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi to elevated partial pressure of CO2 under nitrogen limitation". Marine Ecology Progress Series 261: 111–112. doi:10.3354/meps261111.
60) Langer, G.; Geisen, M., Baumann, K. H. et al. (2006). "Species-specific responses of calcifying algae to changing seawater carbonate chemistry". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (9): Q09006. Bibcode:2006GGG.....709006L. doi:10.1029/2005GC001227.
61) "Acidification Of Oceans May Contribute To Global Declines Of Shellfish, Study By Stony Brook Scientists Concludes" (Press release). School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
62) Ruttiman, J. (2006). "Sick Seas". Nature 442 (7106): 978–980. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..978R. doi:10.1038/442978a. PMID 16943816.
63) Cohen, A.; Holcomb, M. (2009). "Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism". Oceanography 24: 118–127.
64) Hannah L. Wood, John I. Spicer and Stephen Widdicombe (2008). "Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 (1644): 1767–1773. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0343. PMC 2587798. PMID 18460426.
65) Dixson, D. L.; et al. (2010). "Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues". Ecology Letters 13 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01400.x. PMID 19917053.
66) Simpson, S. D.; et al. (2011). "Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish". Biology Letters.
67) Acid In The Oceans: A Growing Threat To Sea Life by Richard Harris. All Things Considered, 12 August 2009.
68) Kwok, Roberta. "Ocean acidification could make squid develop abnormally". University of Washington. Retrieved 8/24/2013.
69) "Swiss marine researcher moving in for the krill". The Australian. 2008.
70) Some like it acidic April 17, 2013 Science News
71) Ridgwell, A.; Zondervan, I.; Hargreaves, J. C.; Bijma, J.; and Lenton, T. M. (2007). "Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO2 uptake due to CO2-calcification feedback". Biogeosciences 4 (4): 481–492. doi:10.5194/bg-4-481-2007.
72) Tyrrell, T. (2008). "Calcium carbonate cycling in future oceans and its influence on future climates". Journal of Plankton Research 30 (2): 141–156. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbm105.
73) Table TS.2 (p.9) and Figure TS.10 (p.20), in: Technical Summary, in Clarke & others 2007
74) Halting ocean acidification in time, in: Summary for Policymakers, in WBGU 2006, p. 3
75) UNFCCC. Conference of the Parties (COP) (15 March 2011), Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, p.3, paragraph 4. Document available in UN languages and text format.
76) Ch 2: Which emission pathways are consistent with a 2° C or 1.5° C temperature limit?, in UNEP 2010, pp. 28-29
77) Good & others 2010, Executive Summary
78) Summary, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. ix-xii
79) "Ch 5: Key Elements of America's Climate Choices", Box 5.1: Geoengineering, in US NRC 2011, pp. 52-53
80) Trujillo, Alan (2011). Essentials of Oceanography. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 157. ISBN 9780321668127.
81) Cao, L.; Caldeira, K. (2010). "Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification?". Climatic Change 99 (1-2): 303–311. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9799-4.
82) Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. 16-19
83) Table 2.8, in: Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, p. 18
84) DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D. ; Hardy, Dennis R. ; Lewis, M. Kathleen ; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 - Initial Feasibility Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
85) Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 - Laboratory Scaling Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
86) Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science 5 (6): 7346–52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

Or is this the spot that you tell us that NONE of these researchers - or the scientists who reviewed their work - can be trusted because they are all greedy and willing to lie because research grants allow them to buy nice cars and fast women?

I think we've established that you don't actually read these things.. You merely count and are impressed by numbers.. And SOME of those numbers you count --- have jackSHIT to do with the theory you're hawking..

Go back and read JUST THE TITLES of those reports and take out the ones that don't have a CHANCE of making your argument..

What you just did here is no different from a poo-flinging monkey that's pissed because I walk by with the cotton candy..


Start with the last dozen or so --- to wit...

77) Good & others 2010, Executive Summary
78) Summary, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. ix-xii
79) "Ch 5: Key Elements of America's Climate Choices", Box 5.1: Geoengineering, in US NRC 2011, pp. 52-53
80) Trujillo, Alan (2011). Essentials of Oceanography. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 157. ISBN 9780321668127.
81) Cao, L.; Caldeira, K. (2010). "Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification?". Climatic Change 99 (1-2): 303–311. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9799-4.
82) Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, pp. 16-19
83) Table 2.8, in: Sec 2.3.1 Ocean fertilisation methods, in Ch 2: Carbon dioxide removal techniques, in UK Royal Society 2009, p. 18
84) DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D. ; Hardy, Dennis R. ; Lewis, M. Kathleen ; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 - Initial Feasibility Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
85) Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011). &#65279;Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 - Laboratory Scaling Studies&#65279; (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
86) Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science 5 (6): 7346–52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

Also --- I don't believe i missed anything from ... ((13) "carbon cycle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 11 Feb 2010.))
Why don't you pick your top four favorites? Debate isn't shotgun target shooting. It's SUPPOSED to be informed exchange of facts TARGETED to the weaknesses of your opponent..

When you have a case for me to respond to --- please check back..

They follow the "baffle them with bullshit" model. the problem is it only works with idiots like them. People who think critically aren't impressed by volume. Quality over quantity always wins out.

 

[flacaltenn]

Hey Abraham ---

I checked your REFERENCE..

16) Kump, Lee R.; Kasting, James F.; Crane, Robert G. (2003). The Earth System (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. 162&#8211;164. ISBN 0-613-91814-2.

All that appears there are the chemical equations for analyzing acid waters in mines.. Maybe WestWall will be fascinated by the origin of "YellowBoy" in chemistry terms.. I'm not.. Much too ferrous for me to fathom..

Please explain the relevence you THOUGHT this had to the case of ocean Acidification....
Or have you wasted my time ATTEMPTING to discuss this with you??

((Please tell me this poo didn't come from SkepticalScience.. I've already had one shower today..))