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Your women would claw your eyes out if white boys were somehow able to force Black people back to Africa. We know you neither have the power to do that because you would get your ass kicked and you wouldnt want the embarrassment of millions of white women leaving to move to Africa as well.Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.
we just want you top go back to Africa and stop living off us, after it must be a great place if you are correct
Blacks excel at everything. dummy. There is nothing we dont do better thats worthwhile.Whites made up IQ tests. I dont believe anything whites come up with because they do it to try and prove to themselves that they are smart. Other people just know they are smart. None of that technology would have been possible if Blacks had not taught you math not once but twice cave gibbon.Who told you that? More of your white propaganda?Well its some big achievements. We established civilization then taught whites not once but twice. Then we built the greatest nation on the planet despite whites.
then why the fuck are you such losers today?
IQ tests, high school graduation rates, patents, tech companies founded, SAT scores, ACT scores, PISA scores, GDP per capita of black Africa, crime rates of American blacks, college graduation rates, technological innovation from blacks, ...
what do you have shitstick?
not one single test blacks excel at, not a single one, you said blacks invented algebra and taught it to whites but you lag big time on every standardized math test. Kind of makes you full of shit, and why didn't blacks develop technology?
Your women would claw your eyes out if white boys were somehow able to force Black people back to Africa. We know you neither have the power to do that because you would get your ass kicked and you wouldnt want the embarrassment of millions of white women leaving to move to Africa as well.Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.
we just want you top go back to Africa and stop living off us, after it must be a great place if you are correct
Your people brought the slaves here, it wasn't the other way around..and the Indian tribes would like the Europeans to go back homes also...Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.
we just want you top go back to Africa and stop living off us, after it must be a great place if you are correct
Jerry Curl doesn't work on white folks hair...Blacks excel at everything. dummy. There is nothing we dont do better thats worthwhile.Whites made up IQ tests. I dont believe anything whites come up with because they do it to try and prove to themselves that they are smart. Other people just know they are smart. None of that technology would have been possible if Blacks had not taught you math not once but twice cave gibbon.Who told you that? More of your white propaganda?then why the fuck are you such losers today?
IQ tests, high school graduation rates, patents, tech companies founded, SAT scores, ACT scores, PISA scores, GDP per capita of black Africa, crime rates of American blacks, college graduation rates, technological innovation from blacks, ...
what do you have shitstick?
not one single test blacks excel at, not a single one, you said blacks invented algebra and taught it to whites but you lag big time on every standardized math test. Kind of makes you full of shit, and why didn't blacks develop technology?
Well its some big achievements. We established civilization then taught whites not once but twice. Then we built the greatest nation on the planet despite whites.our resident black man claims blacks invented algebra, but they can't do it today for some reason
hehheh.....regression much? All dat inbreeding me thinks.
how pathetic that blacks can only talk about 2000 years ago when talking about their achievments
Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.I condemn this as it is racist. Doesn't change the fact that HIllary is far more stable and her policies make a lot more sense.
Nothing wrong with racism per se.
not one single test blacks excel at, not a single one, you said blacks invented algebra and taught it to whites but you lag big time on every standardized math test. Kind of makes you full of shit, and why didn't blacks develop technology?
Blacks excel at everything. dummy. There is nothing we dont do better thats worthwhile.
We? You have a mouse in yer pocket? Or is that what your white supremacist club has as a motto?Your women would claw your eyes out if white boys were somehow able to force Black people back to Africa. We know you neither have the power to do that because you would get your ass kicked and you wouldnt want the embarrassment of millions of white women leaving to move to Africa as well.Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.
we just want you top go back to Africa and stop living off us, after it must be a great place if you are correct
I don't care if our rejects want you, and I didn't say we could, I said that is what we want. Blacks also lag every English test out there as you are proving here
Tell us who founded Babylon? I'll wait.That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.Blacks were bred to woik in da gold mines....by the ancient Sumerian Gods.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaa
That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.Blacks were bred to woik in da gold mines....by the ancient Sumerian Gods.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaaaaaaa
The Babylonians pioneered many of the basic usages of algebra. A tablet dated between 1900 and 1600 B.C. contains Pythagorean triples and other advanced mathematics. There is also evidence of rudimentary algebra in Ancient Egypt, including a document on linear equations that is one of the earliest mathematical proofs ever discovered. While the Ancient Greeks were better known for other forms of mathematics, they did devise a form of geometric algebra that used the sides of objects to represent algebraic terms. Mathematicians from present day India and China also developed early versions of algebra, with the modern algebraic term "Modus Indorum" referring specifically to an algebraic method devised in India.
Two of the most important people in the history of algebra are Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi. The former is frequently referred to as "the father of algebra," and his treatise "Arithmetica" was the first to use symbols to represent unknown numbers. Al-Khwarizmi was the first to distinguish algebra from geometry and arithmetic, and he pioneered the concept of balancing and reducing the sides of an equation. The word algebra refers to his work "Hidab al-Jabr wal-Muqubala," or "The Book of Restoration and Balance."
Since then, Europeans like Francois Viete and Gottfried Leibniz and scholars from other parts of the world, such as Seki Kowa, have refined mathematicians' understanding of algebra.
Ancient Babylon: Center of Mesopotamian CivilizationTell us who founded Babylon? I'll wait.That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.Blacks were bred to woik in da gold mines....by the ancient Sumerian Gods.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaa
That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.Blacks were bred to woik in da gold mines....by the ancient Sumerian Gods.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaaaaaaa
The Babylonians pioneered many of the basic usages of algebra. A tablet dated between 1900 and 1600 B.C. contains Pythagorean triples and other advanced mathematics. There is also evidence of rudimentary algebra in Ancient Egypt, including a document on linear equations that is one of the earliest mathematical proofs ever discovered. While the Ancient Greeks were better known for other forms of mathematics, they did devise a form of geometric algebra that used the sides of objects to represent algebraic terms. Mathematicians from present day India and China also developed early versions of algebra, with the modern algebraic term "Modus Indorum" referring specifically to an algebraic method devised in India.
Two of the most important people in the history of algebra are Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi. The former is frequently referred to as "the father of algebra," and his treatise "Arithmetica" was the first to use symbols to represent unknown numbers. Al-Khwarizmi was the first to distinguish algebra from geometry and arithmetic, and he pioneered the concept of balancing and reducing the sides of an equation. The word algebra refers to his work "Hidab al-Jabr wal-Muqubala," or "The Book of Restoration and Balance."
Since then, Europeans like Francois Viete and Gottfried Leibniz and scholars from other parts of the world, such as Seki Kowa, have refined mathematicians' understanding of algebra.
What whites want dont matter to me. What they think doesnt matter to me either. Worrying about that would be like worrying what the local monkeys at the zoo thought about us. Blacks arent from England dummy. You whites are and even then we still speak english better than you. Thats why white people steal all our sayings decades later.Your women would claw your eyes out if white boys were somehow able to force Black people back to Africa. We know you neither have the power to do that because you would get your ass kicked and you wouldnt want the embarrassment of millions of white women leaving to move to Africa as well.Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.
we just want you top go back to Africa and stop living off us, after it must be a great place if you are correct
I don't care if our rejects want you, and I didn't say we could, I said that is what we want. Blacks also lag every English test out there as you are proving here
What whites want dont matter to me. What they think doesnt matter to me either. Worrying about that would be like worrying what the local monkeys at the zoo thought about us. Blacks arent from England dummy. You whites are and even then we still speak english better than you. Thats why white people steal all our sayings decades later.
Where does it say Black people didnt found it even though its written by a white boy? We have an older source that says it was founded by a Black guy. Look up Nimrod you dumb cave monkey.Tell us who founded Babylon? I'll wait.That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaa
That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaaaaaaa
The Babylonians pioneered many of the basic usages of algebra. A tablet dated between 1900 and 1600 B.C. contains Pythagorean triples and other advanced mathematics. There is also evidence of rudimentary algebra in Ancient Egypt, including a document on linear equations that is one of the earliest mathematical proofs ever discovered. While the Ancient Greeks were better known for other forms of mathematics, they did devise a form of geometric algebra that used the sides of objects to represent algebraic terms. Mathematicians from present day India and China also developed early versions of algebra, with the modern algebraic term "Modus Indorum" referring specifically to an algebraic method devised in India.
Two of the most important people in the history of algebra are Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi. The former is frequently referred to as "the father of algebra," and his treatise "Arithmetica" was the first to use symbols to represent unknown numbers. Al-Khwarizmi was the first to distinguish algebra from geometry and arithmetic, and he pioneered the concept of balancing and reducing the sides of an equation. The word algebra refers to his work "Hidab al-Jabr wal-Muqubala," or "The Book of Restoration and Balance."
Since then, Europeans like Francois Viete and Gottfried Leibniz and scholars from other parts of the world, such as Seki Kowa, have refined mathematicians' understanding of algebra.Ancient Babylon: Center of Mesopotamian CivilizationTell us who founded Babylon? I'll wait.That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaa
That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.The ancient Sumerians were Black. Everyone that isnt white already knows that.
whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaaaaaaa
The Babylonians pioneered many of the basic usages of algebra. A tablet dated between 1900 and 1600 B.C. contains Pythagorean triples and other advanced mathematics. There is also evidence of rudimentary algebra in Ancient Egypt, including a document on linear equations that is one of the earliest mathematical proofs ever discovered. While the Ancient Greeks were better known for other forms of mathematics, they did devise a form of geometric algebra that used the sides of objects to represent algebraic terms. Mathematicians from present day India and China also developed early versions of algebra, with the modern algebraic term "Modus Indorum" referring specifically to an algebraic method devised in India.
Two of the most important people in the history of algebra are Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi. The former is frequently referred to as "the father of algebra," and his treatise "Arithmetica" was the first to use symbols to represent unknown numbers. Al-Khwarizmi was the first to distinguish algebra from geometry and arithmetic, and he pioneered the concept of balancing and reducing the sides of an equation. The word algebra refers to his work "Hidab al-Jabr wal-Muqubala," or "The Book of Restoration and Balance."
Since then, Europeans like Francois Viete and Gottfried Leibniz and scholars from other parts of the world, such as Seki Kowa, have refined mathematicians' understanding of algebra.
By Owen Jarus
According to legend, 6th-century Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar had a colossal maze of waterfalls and dense vegetation planted across his palace for a wife, who missed her lush homeland. Archaeologists still debate the garden's existence.
Credit: Photo Credit: A 16th century depiction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (by Martin Heemskerck)
Located about 60 miles (100 kilometers) south of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, the ancient city of Babylon served for nearly two millennia as a center of Mesopotamian civilization.
One of its early rulers, Hammurabi, created a harsh system of laws, while in later times the Babylonian language would be used across the Middle East as a way of communicating across borders. Another great accomplishment, if the ancient stories are true, is the construction of the Hanging Gardens, a wonder of the ancient world, which some believe was built by the biblical king Nebuchadnezzar II.
Today, Babylon is a site in peril, a place impacted by modern-day wars and in need of extensive conservation and archaeological work. Its history, however, is one that continues to thrive in religious stories, ancient artifacts and popular culture.
“Babylon, in all its manifestations, is at once remote to us and all around us. Like no other city, its history has become bound up with legend...” write researchers Irving Finkel and Michael Seymour in the book "Babylon" (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Early beginnings
Archaeologically little is known about the early history of Babylon. Ancient records suggest that more than 4,000 years ago, at a time when the city of Ur was the center of an empire, Babylon appears to have been a provincial administration center. “Babylon had not been an independent city,” writes researcher Gwendolyn Leick in her book "The Babylonians" (Routledge, 2003).
This inscription, made in the name of Tiglath-pileser I, a king of Assyria, records the conquest of Babylon. It was made more than 3,000 years ago.
Credit: The Schøyen Collection MS 2063, Oslo and Londo
She notes that in 1894 B.C., after the Ur-based empire had collapsed, the city was conquered by a man named Samu-abum. He was an Amorite, a Semitic-speaking people from the area around modern-day Syria. He proceeded to turn Babylon into a petty kingdom made up of the city and a small amount of nearby territory. Babylon would remain this way until, six kings later, a man named Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) ascended the throne. He was the ruler who would go on to turn this once small kingdom into a great empire.
What whites want dont matter to me. What they think doesnt matter to me either. Worrying about that would be like worrying what the local monkeys at the zoo thought about us. Blacks arent from England dummy. You whites are and even then we still speak english better than you. Thats why white people steal all our sayings decades later.Your women would claw your eyes out if white boys were somehow able to force Black people back to Africa. We know you neither have the power to do that because you would get your ass kicked and you wouldnt want the embarrassment of millions of white women leaving to move to Africa as well.Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.
we just want you top go back to Africa and stop living off us, after it must be a great place if you are correct
I don't care if our rejects want you, and I didn't say we could, I said that is what we want. Blacks also lag every English test out there as you are proving here
Probably because we are not english. Why do you lag on Swahili testing?What whites want dont matter to me. What they think doesnt matter to me either. Worrying about that would be like worrying what the local monkeys at the zoo thought about us. Blacks arent from England dummy. You whites are and even then we still speak english better than you. Thats why white people steal all our sayings decades later.
then why do you lag on all English testing?
Here in the US. Why do you ask?What whites want dont matter to me. What they think doesnt matter to me either. Worrying about that would be like worrying what the local monkeys at the zoo thought about us. Blacks arent from England dummy. You whites are and even then we still speak english better than you. Thats why white people steal all our sayings decades later.Your women would claw your eyes out if white boys were somehow able to force Black people back to Africa. We know you neither have the power to do that because you would get your ass kicked and you wouldnt want the embarrassment of millions of white women leaving to move to Africa as well.Well you need it. If you didnt have racism then whites wouldnt own all the resources in the US. Thats why they had to make laws against Blacks being successful in the US. You whites suffered and still suffer from an inferiority complex. Afraid of that Black and Brown greatness you have to make laws to try and contain.
we just want you top go back to Africa and stop living off us, after it must be a great place if you are correct
I don't care if our rejects want you, and I didn't say we could, I said that is what we want. Blacks also lag every English test out there as you are proving here
Ebonics originated where?
Whites made up IQ tests. I dont believe anything whites come up with because they do it to try and prove to themselves that they are smart. Other people just know they are smart. None of that technology would have been possible if Blacks had not taught you math not once but twice cave gibbon.Who told you that? More of your white propaganda?Well its some big achievements. We established civilization then taught whites not once but twice. Then we built the greatest nation on the planet despite whites.how pathetic that blacks can only talk about 2000 years ago when talking about their achievments
then why the fuck are you such losers today?
IQ tests, high school graduation rates, patents, tech companies founded, SAT scores, ACT scores, PISA scores, GDP per capita of black Africa, crime rates of American blacks, college graduation rates, technological innovation from blacks, ...
what do you have shitstick?
Probably because we are not english. Why do you lag on Swahili testing?What whites want dont matter to me. What they think doesnt matter to me either. Worrying about that would be like worrying what the local monkeys at the zoo thought about us. Blacks arent from England dummy. You whites are and even then we still speak english better than you. Thats why white people steal all our sayings decades later.
then why do you lag on all English testing?
Where does it say Black people didnt found it even though its written by a white boy? We have an older source that says it was founded by a Black guy. Look up Nimrod you dumb cave monkey.Tell us who founded Babylon? I'll wait.That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaa
That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaaaaaaa
The Babylonians pioneered many of the basic usages of algebra. A tablet dated between 1900 and 1600 B.C. contains Pythagorean triples and other advanced mathematics. There is also evidence of rudimentary algebra in Ancient Egypt, including a document on linear equations that is one of the earliest mathematical proofs ever discovered. While the Ancient Greeks were better known for other forms of mathematics, they did devise a form of geometric algebra that used the sides of objects to represent algebraic terms. Mathematicians from present day India and China also developed early versions of algebra, with the modern algebraic term "Modus Indorum" referring specifically to an algebraic method devised in India.
Two of the most important people in the history of algebra are Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi. The former is frequently referred to as "the father of algebra," and his treatise "Arithmetica" was the first to use symbols to represent unknown numbers. Al-Khwarizmi was the first to distinguish algebra from geometry and arithmetic, and he pioneered the concept of balancing and reducing the sides of an equation. The word algebra refers to his work "Hidab al-Jabr wal-Muqubala," or "The Book of Restoration and Balance."
Since then, Europeans like Francois Viete and Gottfried Leibniz and scholars from other parts of the world, such as Seki Kowa, have refined mathematicians' understanding of algebra.Ancient Babylon: Center of Mesopotamian CivilizationTell us who founded Babylon? I'll wait.That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaa
That was first thing they did. They established civilization in not just one spot but several. Then they educated you whites. Worst mistake they ever made and then they repeated it by bringing you whites out of the dark ages in europe. Its hard teaching whites. They cant seem to pick up the things that really matter. No wonder they have never done anything original. Even your example of Algebra is from Africa you dumb cave monkey.whatever, if you have to go back 2000 years to point to the last thing blacks have done, that is really pathetic. Blacks cannot even do algebra today.
bwaaaaaaaaaaa
The Babylonians pioneered many of the basic usages of algebra. A tablet dated between 1900 and 1600 B.C. contains Pythagorean triples and other advanced mathematics. There is also evidence of rudimentary algebra in Ancient Egypt, including a document on linear equations that is one of the earliest mathematical proofs ever discovered. While the Ancient Greeks were better known for other forms of mathematics, they did devise a form of geometric algebra that used the sides of objects to represent algebraic terms. Mathematicians from present day India and China also developed early versions of algebra, with the modern algebraic term "Modus Indorum" referring specifically to an algebraic method devised in India.
Two of the most important people in the history of algebra are Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi. The former is frequently referred to as "the father of algebra," and his treatise "Arithmetica" was the first to use symbols to represent unknown numbers. Al-Khwarizmi was the first to distinguish algebra from geometry and arithmetic, and he pioneered the concept of balancing and reducing the sides of an equation. The word algebra refers to his work "Hidab al-Jabr wal-Muqubala," or "The Book of Restoration and Balance."
Since then, Europeans like Francois Viete and Gottfried Leibniz and scholars from other parts of the world, such as Seki Kowa, have refined mathematicians' understanding of algebra.
By Owen Jarus
According to legend, 6th-century Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar had a colossal maze of waterfalls and dense vegetation planted across his palace for a wife, who missed her lush homeland. Archaeologists still debate the garden's existence.
Credit: Photo Credit: A 16th century depiction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (by Martin Heemskerck)
Located about 60 miles (100 kilometers) south of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, the ancient city of Babylon served for nearly two millennia as a center of Mesopotamian civilization.
One of its early rulers, Hammurabi, created a harsh system of laws, while in later times the Babylonian language would be used across the Middle East as a way of communicating across borders. Another great accomplishment, if the ancient stories are true, is the construction of the Hanging Gardens, a wonder of the ancient world, which some believe was built by the biblical king Nebuchadnezzar II.
Today, Babylon is a site in peril, a place impacted by modern-day wars and in need of extensive conservation and archaeological work. Its history, however, is one that continues to thrive in religious stories, ancient artifacts and popular culture.
“Babylon, in all its manifestations, is at once remote to us and all around us. Like no other city, its history has become bound up with legend...” write researchers Irving Finkel and Michael Seymour in the book "Babylon" (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Early beginnings
Archaeologically little is known about the early history of Babylon. Ancient records suggest that more than 4,000 years ago, at a time when the city of Ur was the center of an empire, Babylon appears to have been a provincial administration center. “Babylon had not been an independent city,” writes researcher Gwendolyn Leick in her book "The Babylonians" (Routledge, 2003).
This inscription, made in the name of Tiglath-pileser I, a king of Assyria, records the conquest of Babylon. It was made more than 3,000 years ago.
Credit: The Schøyen Collection MS 2063, Oslo and Londo
She notes that in 1894 B.C., after the Ur-based empire had collapsed, the city was conquered by a man named Samu-abum. He was an Amorite, a Semitic-speaking people from the area around modern-day Syria. He proceeded to turn Babylon into a petty kingdom made up of the city and a small amount of nearby territory. Babylon would remain this way until, six kings later, a man named Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) ascended the throne. He was the ruler who would go on to turn this once small kingdom into a great empire.