EPA Ignores Science to Propose Most Expensive Regulation in History

[daws101]

Air pollution data and exposure indicators
We obtained hourly ambient ozone data from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). These data (reported in parts per billion) were measured hourly for each day. We used the 8-hr maximum hourly value during the peak outdoor exposure time (1000 to 1800 hours) in this study to represent the daily ozone level. We included 32 ozone monitoring sites and divided them into 11 ozone regions in New York State (Figure 1) according to their spatial and temporal correlations, wind direction, and traffic pattern. In general, we used a linear regression model with a fixed-origin intercept to assess the spatial correlation among monitor pairs as a function of distance. We performed empirical semivariance analysis and a total count of occurrences above a specific concentration to evaluate the spatial variation. The resulting 11 ozone regions are very similar to the air quality health advisory regions developed by NYSDEC (2008). If more than one monitoring site was located in one ozone region, we used the average value of the 8-hr maximum from multiple monitoring sites to represent the regional data. We assessed children’s chronic ozone exposure as both continuous and categorical variables by identifying the individual ozone region based on their residential histories. The continuous ozone variable included the mean concentrations and the exceedance proportion. Mean concentration was the arithmetic mean of the regional 8-hr ozone maximum for each child during two different time periods: the entire follow-up period and ozone seasons (April–October) during the follow-up period. For children who had hospital admissions during the defined periods, we calculated the mean concentration between the date of birth and the date of admission. For children who had no hospital admissions, we calculated the mean concentration of the follow-up period and the ozone season between the date of birth and the end of the study. We assessed the risk of hospital admissions associated with chronic ozone exposure using a 1-ppb increase in mean concentration during the defined period. The exceedance proportion is the proportion of follow-up days with ozone levels > 70 ppb, which is our 90th percentile of year-round ozone over the entire follow-up period. This indicator not only reflects the specific days exposed to high ozone levels, but also includes the proportion of days exposed to high ozone levels for each child over the follow-up period. Therefore, it captures both the cumulative and chronic nature of exposures. We used the interquartile range (IQR; 75th to 25th quartile) as the unit change in the models for the continuous exceedance proportion exposure.


Figure 1
Ozone exposure regions in New York State used in this study. NYC, New York City.

Chronic Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Asthma Hospital Admissions among Children

Asthma is treatable, and the causes aren't always clear (although they seem to be linked to a combination of hereditary and environmental factors)...

And there are actually a LOT of different triggers...
Asthma Causes - Mayo Clinic

It's practically impossible to do away with all of those triggers, but Global Warming might eventually cure ONE... COLD WEATHER !!!

Why does Obozo hate people with asthma so much he wants to work against them on that????

cost or cancer?

Gee, did you know that one trigger for asthma can be your Cologne or deodorant???

So, why don't you play "stinky" for a while... That's better than taking steps that can give people a DEADLY form of cancer in order to make up for you smelling "purty"...

cost or cancer.?

 

[daws101]

Many studies have demonstrated that nonspecific airway responsiveness is greater following ozone exposure. Overall, these experimental findings in humans and laboratory animals are consistent with ozone causing an increase in asthma severity and, taken together, provide a plausible biological mechanism for the epidemiological observations. This suggests that the observed relationships between ambient ozone exposure and the higher probability of experiencing an asthma attack and other manifestations of worsening asthma are causal.

Lots of if ands or buts in that op-ed. Try again.

really? where. besides it s an ongoing study only an ignorant asshole would want seemingly final conclusions that later turn out to false.
but you just had to say something, didn't you!

 

[Iceweasel]

Many studies have demonstrated that nonspecific airway responsiveness is greater following ozone exposure. Overall, these experimental findings in humans and laboratory animals are consistent with ozone causing an increase in asthma severity and, taken together, provide a plausible biological mechanism for the epidemiological observations. This suggests that the observed relationships between ambient ozone exposure and the higher probability of experiencing an asthma attack and other manifestations of worsening asthma are causal.

Lots of if ands or buts in that op-ed. Try again.

really? where. besides it s an ongoing study only an ignorant asshole would want seemingly final conclusions that later turn out to false.
but you just had to say something, didn't you!

I quoted some of the ambiguity, can't you read? It's an "ongoing study" because it isn't a fact. Libs will believe anything!

 

[Obiwan]

Air pollution data and exposure indicators
We obtained hourly ambient ozone data from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). These data (reported in parts per billion) were measured hourly for each day. We used the 8-hr maximum hourly value during the peak outdoor exposure time (1000 to 1800 hours) in this study to represent the daily ozone level. We included 32 ozone monitoring sites and divided them into 11 ozone regions in New York State (Figure 1) according to their spatial and temporal correlations, wind direction, and traffic pattern. In general, we used a linear regression model with a fixed-origin intercept to assess the spatial correlation among monitor pairs as a function of distance. We performed empirical semivariance analysis and a total count of occurrences above a specific concentration to evaluate the spatial variation. The resulting 11 ozone regions are very similar to the air quality health advisory regions developed by NYSDEC (2008). If more than one monitoring site was located in one ozone region, we used the average value of the 8-hr maximum from multiple monitoring sites to represent the regional data. We assessed children’s chronic ozone exposure as both continuous and categorical variables by identifying the individual ozone region based on their residential histories. The continuous ozone variable included the mean concentrations and the exceedance proportion. Mean concentration was the arithmetic mean of the regional 8-hr ozone maximum for each child during two different time periods: the entire follow-up period and ozone seasons (April–October) during the follow-up period. For children who had hospital admissions during the defined periods, we calculated the mean concentration between the date of birth and the date of admission. For children who had no hospital admissions, we calculated the mean concentration of the follow-up period and the ozone season between the date of birth and the end of the study. We assessed the risk of hospital admissions associated with chronic ozone exposure using a 1-ppb increase in mean concentration during the defined period. The exceedance proportion is the proportion of follow-up days with ozone levels > 70 ppb, which is our 90th percentile of year-round ozone over the entire follow-up period. This indicator not only reflects the specific days exposed to high ozone levels, but also includes the proportion of days exposed to high ozone levels for each child over the follow-up period. Therefore, it captures both the cumulative and chronic nature of exposures. We used the interquartile range (IQR; 75th to 25th quartile) as the unit change in the models for the continuous exceedance proportion exposure.


Figure 1
Ozone exposure regions in New York State used in this study. NYC, New York City.

Chronic Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Asthma Hospital Admissions among Children

Asthma is treatable, and the causes aren't always clear (although they seem to be linked to a combination of hereditary and environmental factors)...

And there are actually a LOT of different triggers...
Asthma Causes - Mayo Clinic

It's practically impossible to do away with all of those triggers, but Global Warming might eventually cure ONE... COLD WEATHER !!!

Why does Obozo hate people with asthma so much he wants to work against them on that????

cost or cancer?

Gee, did you know that one trigger for asthma can be your Cologne or deodorant???

So, why don't you play "stinky" for a while... That's better than taking steps that can give people a DEADLY form of cancer in order to make up for you smelling "purty"...

cost or cancer.?

OK, let's outlaw some of the other triggers too.. Such as alcohol, smoke (pot or cigarettes), perfume, deodorant, etc...

After all, doing that won't force people to starve, like monkeying with the ozone levels (just think transportation - getting food to market) will, and taking those steps will be effective in reducing asthma attacks. And if you look at the medical evidence I posted, those steps will have an effect....

I'm looking for your anti-alcohol, anti-tobacco, anti-pot campaign to start any time now, Stinky...

 

[daws101]

Many studies have demonstrated that nonspecific airway responsiveness is greater following ozone exposure. Overall, these experimental findings in humans and laboratory animals are consistent with ozone causing an increase in asthma severity and, taken together, provide a plausible biological mechanism for the epidemiological observations. This suggests that the observed relationships between ambient ozone exposure and the higher probability of experiencing an asthma attack and other manifestations of worsening asthma are causal.

Lots of if ands or buts in that op-ed. Try again.

really? where. besides it s an ongoing study only an ignorant asshole would want seemingly final conclusions that later turn out to false.
but you just had to say something, didn't you!

I quoted some of the ambiguity, can't you read? It's an "ongoing study" because it isn't a fact. Libs will believe anything!

false fact's are changeable with new evidence.
ambiguity in this case is a good thing.
ass clowns like you will find fault with everything even when in reality there is none.

 

[daws101]

Air pollution data and exposure indicators
We obtained hourly ambient ozone data from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). These data (reported in parts per billion) were measured hourly for each day. We used the 8-hr maximum hourly value during the peak outdoor exposure time (1000 to 1800 hours) in this study to represent the daily ozone level. We included 32 ozone monitoring sites and divided them into 11 ozone regions in New York State (Figure 1) according to their spatial and temporal correlations, wind direction, and traffic pattern. In general, we used a linear regression model with a fixed-origin intercept to assess the spatial correlation among monitor pairs as a function of distance. We performed empirical semivariance analysis and a total count of occurrences above a specific concentration to evaluate the spatial variation. The resulting 11 ozone regions are very similar to the air quality health advisory regions developed by NYSDEC (2008). If more than one monitoring site was located in one ozone region, we used the average value of the 8-hr maximum from multiple monitoring sites to represent the regional data. We assessed children’s chronic ozone exposure as both continuous and categorical variables by identifying the individual ozone region based on their residential histories. The continuous ozone variable included the mean concentrations and the exceedance proportion. Mean concentration was the arithmetic mean of the regional 8-hr ozone maximum for each child during two different time periods: the entire follow-up period and ozone seasons (April–October) during the follow-up period. For children who had hospital admissions during the defined periods, we calculated the mean concentration between the date of birth and the date of admission. For children who had no hospital admissions, we calculated the mean concentration of the follow-up period and the ozone season between the date of birth and the end of the study. We assessed the risk of hospital admissions associated with chronic ozone exposure using a 1-ppb increase in mean concentration during the defined period. The exceedance proportion is the proportion of follow-up days with ozone levels > 70 ppb, which is our 90th percentile of year-round ozone over the entire follow-up period. This indicator not only reflects the specific days exposed to high ozone levels, but also includes the proportion of days exposed to high ozone levels for each child over the follow-up period. Therefore, it captures both the cumulative and chronic nature of exposures. We used the interquartile range (IQR; 75th to 25th quartile) as the unit change in the models for the continuous exceedance proportion exposure.


Figure 1
Ozone exposure regions in New York State used in this study. NYC, New York City.

Chronic Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Asthma Hospital Admissions among Children

Asthma is treatable, and the causes aren't always clear (although they seem to be linked to a combination of hereditary and environmental factors)...

And there are actually a LOT of different triggers...
Asthma Causes - Mayo Clinic

It's practically impossible to do away with all of those triggers, but Global Warming might eventually cure ONE... COLD WEATHER !!!

Why does Obozo hate people with asthma so much he wants to work against them on that????

cost or cancer?

Gee, did you know that one trigger for asthma can be your Cologne or deodorant???

So, why don't you play "stinky" for a while... That's better than taking steps that can give people a DEADLY form of cancer in order to make up for you smelling "purty"...

cost or cancer.?

OK, let's outlaw some of the other triggers too.. Such as alcohol, smoke (pot or cigarettes), perfume, deodorant, etc...

After all, doing that won't force people to starve, like monkeying with the ozone levels (just think transportation - getting food to market) will, and taking those steps will be effective in reducing asthma attacks. And if you look at the medical evidence I posted, those steps will have an effect....

I'm looking for your anti-alcohol, anti-tobacco, anti-pot campaign to start any time now, Stinky...

cost or cancer?

 

[daws101]

Health Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA


Health Effects


Ozone in the air we breathe can harm our health—typically on hot, sunny days when ozone can reach unhealthy levels. Even relatively low levels of ozone can cause health effects. Children, people with lung disease, older adults, and people who are active outdoors, including outdoor workers, may be particularly sensitive to ozone.

Children are at greatest risk from exposure to ozone because their lungs are still developing and they are more likely to be active outdoors when ozone levels are high, which increases their exposure. Children are also more likely than adults to have asthma.

Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion. It can worsen bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Ground level ozone also can reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the lungs. Repeated exposure may permanently scar lung tissue.

Ozone can:

• Make it more difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously.
• Cause shortness of breath and pain when taking a deep breath.
• Cause coughing and sore or scratchy throat.
• Inflame and damage the airways.
• Aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
• Increase the frequency of asthma attacks.
• Make the lungs more susceptible to infection.
• Continue to damage the lungs even when the symptoms have disappeared.

These effects may lead to increased school absences, medication use, visits to doctors and emergency rooms, and hospital admissions. Research also indicates that ozone exposure may increase the risk of premature death from heart or lung disease.

Ozone is particularly likely to reach unhealthy levels on hot sunny days in urban environments. It is a major part of urban smog. Ozone can also be transported long distances by wind. For this reason, even rural areas can experience high ozone levels. And, in some cases, ozone can occur throughout the year in some southern and mountain regions. Learn more about the formation and transport of ground level ozone.

 

[Londoner]

In the seventies, when it became apparent that Texas oil fields had reached their peak, a study was published about the dangers of relying exclusively on petroleum.

The oil industry, which was investing heavily in Reagan's ascendancy, were deeply opposed to any scientific finding that would increase the incentive for energy diversification and diminish their short term profits.

So they poured money into oppositional science, mostly at newly established think tanks where people were given tremendous financial incentives to create conclusions preferable to the oil companies. This practice expanded in the 80s and 90s where money-hungry universities were given similar incentives to produce business-friendly science.

Meanwhile, Carter tried to explain what would happen if the nation's economic health was increasingly tied to terrorist petrol-states. Of course, Reagan and big business, promising no pain, won the fight over America's energy future - and they proceeded to crush the alternative energy movement (along with conservation).

Now we are lying in that bed. In addition to the sheer cost of stabilizing the Middle East, our dependency on Mideast terror states is a disgrace.

Every time we ignore science to help the large corporations who own our politicians, we pay a price down the road.

The soldiers of short term profit are funny that way. They don't really care about the problems they're creating for future generations. Crime pays.

 

[Obiwan]

Health Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA


Health Effects


Ozone in the air we breathe can harm our health—typically on hot, sunny days when ozone can reach unhealthy levels. Even relatively low levels of ozone can cause health effects. Children, people with lung disease, older adults, and people who are active outdoors, including outdoor workers, may be particularly sensitive to ozone.

Children are at greatest risk from exposure to ozone because their lungs are still developing and they are more likely to be active outdoors when ozone levels are high, which increases their exposure. Children are also more likely than adults to have asthma.

Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion. It can worsen bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Ground level ozone also can reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the lungs. Repeated exposure may permanently scar lung tissue.

Ozone can:

• Make it more difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously.
• Cause shortness of breath and pain when taking a deep breath.
• Cause coughing and sore or scratchy throat.
• Inflame and damage the airways.
• Aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
• Increase the frequency of asthma attacks.
• Make the lungs more susceptible to infection.
• Continue to damage the lungs even when the symptoms have disappeared.

These effects may lead to increased school absences, medication use, visits to doctors and emergency rooms, and hospital admissions. Research also indicates that ozone exposure may increase the risk of premature death from heart or lung disease.

Ozone is particularly likely to reach unhealthy levels on hot sunny days in urban environments. It is a major part of urban smog. Ozone can also be transported long distances by wind. For this reason, even rural areas can experience high ozone levels. And, in some cases, ozone can occur throughout the year in some southern and mountain regions. Learn more about the formation and transport of ground level ozone.

Hurrah for Global Warming!!!
Global Pollution and Prevention News: Lower Ozone levels in Houston linked to climate change

Researchers at the University of Houston have determined that climate change -- in the form of a stronger sea breeze, the result of warmer soil temperatures -- contributed to the drop in high-ozone days in the Houston area.

Robert Talbot, professor of atmospheric chemistry, said that also should be true for coastal regions globally.

The researchers describe their findings in a paper published this week in the journal Atmosphere. In addition to Talbot, they include first author Lei Liu, a doctoral student, and post-doctoral fellow Xin Lan.

The study relied upon ground-level ozone data collected over the past 23 years by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The meteorological data was collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The researchers said they did not set out to find a connection between climate change and lower ozone levels -- the number of days in which ozone levels exceeded federal standards varied from year to year but overall, dropped dramatically between 1990 and 2013. For example, in Aldine, one of four sites studied, the number of days during which ozone levels exceeded federal standards over an eight-hour period dropped to an average of 11 days per year during 2001-2013, down from 35 days per year during 1990-2000.

Talbot said the steep decline made him suspect something was happening beyond a city-led effort to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, one of the components of ozone.

 

[daws101]

Health Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA


Health Effects


Ozone in the air we breathe can harm our health—typically on hot, sunny days when ozone can reach unhealthy levels. Even relatively low levels of ozone can cause health effects. Children, people with lung disease, older adults, and people who are active outdoors, including outdoor workers, may be particularly sensitive to ozone.

Children are at greatest risk from exposure to ozone because their lungs are still developing and they are more likely to be active outdoors when ozone levels are high, which increases their exposure. Children are also more likely than adults to have asthma.

Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion. It can worsen bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Ground level ozone also can reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the lungs. Repeated exposure may permanently scar lung tissue.

Ozone can:

• Make it more difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously.
• Cause shortness of breath and pain when taking a deep breath.
• Cause coughing and sore or scratchy throat.
• Inflame and damage the airways.
• Aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
• Increase the frequency of asthma attacks.
• Make the lungs more susceptible to infection.
• Continue to damage the lungs even when the symptoms have disappeared.

These effects may lead to increased school absences, medication use, visits to doctors and emergency rooms, and hospital admissions. Research also indicates that ozone exposure may increase the risk of premature death from heart or lung disease.

Ozone is particularly likely to reach unhealthy levels on hot sunny days in urban environments. It is a major part of urban smog. Ozone can also be transported long distances by wind. For this reason, even rural areas can experience high ozone levels. And, in some cases, ozone can occur throughout the year in some southern and mountain regions. Learn more about the formation and transport of ground level ozone.

Hurrah for Global Warming!!!
Global Pollution and Prevention News: Lower Ozone levels in Houston linked to climate change

Researchers at the University of Houston have determined that climate change -- in the form of a stronger sea breeze, the result of warmer soil temperatures -- contributed to the drop in high-ozone days in the Houston area.

Robert Talbot, professor of atmospheric chemistry, said that also should be true for coastal regions globally.

The researchers describe their findings in a paper published this week in the journal Atmosphere. In addition to Talbot, they include first author Lei Liu, a doctoral student, and post-doctoral fellow Xin Lan.

The study relied upon ground-level ozone data collected over the past 23 years by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The meteorological data was collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The researchers said they did not set out to find a connection between climate change and lower ozone levels -- the number of days in which ozone levels exceeded federal standards varied from year to year but overall, dropped dramatically between 1990 and 2013. For example, in Aldine, one of four sites studied, the number of days during which ozone levels exceeded federal standards over an eight-hour period dropped to an average of 11 days per year during 2001-2013, down from 35 days per year during 1990-2000.

Talbot said the steep decline made him suspect something was happening beyond a city-led effort to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, one of the components of ozone.

cost or cancer.

 

[Obiwan]

Health Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA


Health Effects


Ozone in the air we breathe can harm our health—typically on hot, sunny days when ozone can reach unhealthy levels. Even relatively low levels of ozone can cause health effects. Children, people with lung disease, older adults, and people who are active outdoors, including outdoor workers, may be particularly sensitive to ozone.

Children are at greatest risk from exposure to ozone because their lungs are still developing and they are more likely to be active outdoors when ozone levels are high, which increases their exposure. Children are also more likely than adults to have asthma.

Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion. It can worsen bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Ground level ozone also can reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the lungs. Repeated exposure may permanently scar lung tissue.

Ozone can:

• Make it more difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously.
• Cause shortness of breath and pain when taking a deep breath.
• Cause coughing and sore or scratchy throat.
• Inflame and damage the airways.
• Aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
• Increase the frequency of asthma attacks.
• Make the lungs more susceptible to infection.
• Continue to damage the lungs even when the symptoms have disappeared.

These effects may lead to increased school absences, medication use, visits to doctors and emergency rooms, and hospital admissions. Research also indicates that ozone exposure may increase the risk of premature death from heart or lung disease.

Ozone is particularly likely to reach unhealthy levels on hot sunny days in urban environments. It is a major part of urban smog. Ozone can also be transported long distances by wind. For this reason, even rural areas can experience high ozone levels. And, in some cases, ozone can occur throughout the year in some southern and mountain regions. Learn more about the formation and transport of ground level ozone.

Hurrah for Global Warming!!!
Global Pollution and Prevention News: Lower Ozone levels in Houston linked to climate change

Researchers at the University of Houston have determined that climate change -- in the form of a stronger sea breeze, the result of warmer soil temperatures -- contributed to the drop in high-ozone days in the Houston area.

Robert Talbot, professor of atmospheric chemistry, said that also should be true for coastal regions globally.

The researchers describe their findings in a paper published this week in the journal Atmosphere. In addition to Talbot, they include first author Lei Liu, a doctoral student, and post-doctoral fellow Xin Lan.

The study relied upon ground-level ozone data collected over the past 23 years by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The meteorological data was collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The researchers said they did not set out to find a connection between climate change and lower ozone levels -- the number of days in which ozone levels exceeded federal standards varied from year to year but overall, dropped dramatically between 1990 and 2013. For example, in Aldine, one of four sites studied, the number of days during which ozone levels exceeded federal standards over an eight-hour period dropped to an average of 11 days per year during 2001-2013, down from 35 days per year during 1990-2000.

Talbot said the steep decline made him suspect something was happening beyond a city-led effort to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, one of the components of ozone.

cost or cancer.

Fuck that...

I just posted proof that Global Warming can fix the problem, so now the issue is:

"Cost + Cancer???"

 

[CrusaderFrank]

Hopefully, President Trump will deport the EPA

 

[Iceweasel]

Many studies have demonstrated that nonspecific airway responsiveness is greater following ozone exposure. Overall, these experimental findings in humans and laboratory animals are consistent with ozone causing an increase in asthma severity and, taken together, provide a plausible biological mechanism for the epidemiological observations. This suggests that the observed relationships between ambient ozone exposure and the higher probability of experiencing an asthma attack and other manifestations of worsening asthma are causal.

Lots of if ands or buts in that op-ed. Try again.

really? where. besides it s an ongoing study only an ignorant asshole would want seemingly final conclusions that later turn out to false.
but you just had to say something, didn't you!

I quoted some of the ambiguity, can't you read? It's an "ongoing study" because it isn't a fact. Libs will believe anything!

false fact's are changeable with new evidence.
ambiguity in this case is a good thing.
ass clowns like you will find fault with everything even when in reality there is none.

Facts don't change. Our understanding may. Ambiguity is never good ,especially when you are talking about dicking with the atmosphere.

 

[jillian]

Another zero credibility blog site.

you expected anything different from the o/p?

 

[jillian]

Hopefully, President Trump will deport the EPA

you're funny, frank.

 

[Obiwan]

Air pollution data and exposure indicators
We obtained hourly ambient ozone data from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). These data (reported in parts per billion) were measured hourly for each day. We used the 8-hr maximum hourly value during the peak outdoor exposure time (1000 to 1800 hours) in this study to represent the daily ozone level. We included 32 ozone monitoring sites and divided them into 11 ozone regions in New York State (Figure 1) according to their spatial and temporal correlations, wind direction, and traffic pattern. In general, we used a linear regression model with a fixed-origin intercept to assess the spatial correlation among monitor pairs as a function of distance. We performed empirical semivariance analysis and a total count of occurrences above a specific concentration to evaluate the spatial variation. The resulting 11 ozone regions are very similar to the air quality health advisory regions developed by NYSDEC (2008). If more than one monitoring site was located in one ozone region, we used the average value of the 8-hr maximum from multiple monitoring sites to represent the regional data. We assessed children’s chronic ozone exposure as both continuous and categorical variables by identifying the individual ozone region based on their residential histories. The continuous ozone variable included the mean concentrations and the exceedance proportion. Mean concentration was the arithmetic mean of the regional 8-hr ozone maximum for each child during two different time periods: the entire follow-up period and ozone seasons (April–October) during the follow-up period. For children who had hospital admissions during the defined periods, we calculated the mean concentration between the date of birth and the date of admission. For children who had no hospital admissions, we calculated the mean concentration of the follow-up period and the ozone season between the date of birth and the end of the study. We assessed the risk of hospital admissions associated with chronic ozone exposure using a 1-ppb increase in mean concentration during the defined period. The exceedance proportion is the proportion of follow-up days with ozone levels > 70 ppb, which is our 90th percentile of year-round ozone over the entire follow-up period. This indicator not only reflects the specific days exposed to high ozone levels, but also includes the proportion of days exposed to high ozone levels for each child over the follow-up period. Therefore, it captures both the cumulative and chronic nature of exposures. We used the interquartile range (IQR; 75th to 25th quartile) as the unit change in the models for the continuous exceedance proportion exposure.


Figure 1
Ozone exposure regions in New York State used in this study. NYC, New York City.

Chronic Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Asthma Hospital Admissions among Children

Asthma is treatable, and the causes aren't always clear (although they seem to be linked to a combination of hereditary and environmental factors)...

And there are actually a LOT of different triggers...
Asthma Causes - Mayo Clinic

It's practically impossible to do away with all of those triggers, but Global Warming might eventually cure ONE... COLD WEATHER !!!

Why does Obozo hate people with asthma so much he wants to work against them on that????

cost or cancer?

Gee, did you know that one trigger for asthma can be your Cologne or deodorant???

So, why don't you play "stinky" for a while... That's better than taking steps that can give people a DEADLY form of cancer in order to make up for you smelling "purty"...

cost or cancer.?

Melanoma of the Skin - SEER Stat Fact Sheets
Number of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000:The number of new cases of melanoma of the skin was 21.6 per 100,000 men and women per year. The number of deaths was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2008-2012 cases and deaths.

Lifetime Risk of Developing Cancer: Approximately 2.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with melanoma of the skin at some point during their lifetime, based on 2010-2012 data.

Prevalence of This Cancer: In 2012, there were an estimated 996,587 people living with melanoma of the skin in the United States.

FastStats

• Number of deaths: 3,630
• Deaths per 100,000 population: 1.1

Melanoma is a lot more deadly...

So how many more people do you want to kill???

 

[SwimExpert]

It's so hard to keep up with these people. First, the depletion of ozone was a bad thing, because it lets more UV light through the atmosphere and causing more skin cancer and increasing global warming. Now, it's a good thing, because it gives people asthma. Make up your minds already.

If you read the posts, you will see evidence that ozone doesn't cause asthma....

Think you missed my point.

 

[Obiwan]

Many studies have demonstrated that nonspecific airway responsiveness is greater following ozone exposure. Overall, these experimental findings in humans and laboratory animals are consistent with ozone causing an increase in asthma severity and, taken together, provide a plausible biological mechanism for the epidemiological observations. This suggests that the observed relationships between ambient ozone exposure and the higher probability of experiencing an asthma attack and other manifestations of worsening asthma are causal.

Lots of if ands or buts in that op-ed. Try again.

really? where. besides it s an ongoing study only an ignorant asshole would want seemingly final conclusions that later turn out to false.
but you just had to say something, didn't you!

I quoted some of the ambiguity, can't you read? It's an "ongoing study" because it isn't a fact. Libs will believe anything!

false fact's are changeable with new evidence.
ambiguity in this case is a good thing.
ass clowns like you will find fault with everything even when in reality there is none.

Facts don't change. Our understanding may. Ambiguity is never good ,especially when you are talking about dicking with the atmosphere.

And the Idiot can't prove his assertions about ozone, and even keeps it up when confronted with the facts that, if they're true, MORE people can die if we Dick with the ozone...

 

[Iceweasel]

And the Idiot can't prove his assertions about ozone, and even keeps it up when confronted with the facts that, if they're true, MORE people can die if we Dick with the ozone...

I had forgotten all about the dire ozone predictions, the climate religion took it over. Maybe they need to hold a conference and get their dogma canonized.

 

[Obiwan]

And the Idiot can't prove his assertions about ozone, and even keeps it up when confronted with the facts that, if they're true, MORE people can die if we Dick with the ozone...

I had forgotten all about the dire ozone predictions, the climate religion took it over. Maybe they need to hold a conference and get their dogma canonized.

After all the hoopla about the hole in the ozone layer causing Global Warming, they at least need to figure out if they want to fix it, or just give up and quit making ozone...