The guiding doctrine of business is profit.
May 22, 2009
Is Employer-Based Health Insurance Worth Saving?
By UWE E. REINHARDT
Uwe E. Reinhardt is an economics professor at Princeton.
Ask any group of health policy experts whether they would have put in place our employment-based health insurance system, had they had the luxury of designing our health system from scratch, the resounding answer most likely would be No. In fact, no other industrialized country has quite this arrangement. It is uniquely American in origin and in modus operandi.
Our employment-based system was not the product of a carefully designed health policy. It was a byproduct of evading wage controls during World War II.
At the time it was thought that, as the nations drafted military personnel risked their limbs and life on foreign battlefields at low, tightly controlled pay, those who stayed behind should have their wages controlled as well.
But with the wink of the eye with which Congress routinely puts loopholes into the tax laws or regulations it imposes, the wage controls imposed in World War II did not extend to fringe benefits. And thus, employer-paid fringe benefits, including employment-based health insurance, were born.
As was noted in last weeks post, Congress further encouraged the growth of employment-based health insurance by treating the employers contribution to their employees health insurance as a tax-deductible business expense. On the other hand, it was also not viewed as taxable compensation of the employee.
Remarkably, and quite unfairly, that tax preference was not granted to families forced to purchase health insurance on their own. They had to buy it with after-tax dollars.
From the perspective of health policy experts, however, that approach has serious shortcomings.
First, it keeps opaque who actually pays for the health care used by employees.
Both employers and employees seem to believe that the company absorbs the cost of the employers contributions to the group health insurance premiums for their employees typically 80 percent of the premium.
Employers believe that these costs must either be recovered through the prices of the goods or services they sell (i.e., passing along the rising costs of health care to their customers in the form of higher prices), or taken out of the return to the companys owners. On that belief, American executives now complain pitiably that the high cost of American health care makes their enterprises uncompetitive in the global marketplace.
For their part, employees tend to view employer-paid health insurance as a gift, on top of their pay. Therefore they see little personal gain in attempts to control the cost of their care.
Most economists are persuaded by theory and evidence that, over the longer run, the contributions employers make toward the fringe benefits of their employees come out of the employees take-home pay. Economists think of employers as pickpockets, so to speak, who take a chunk of the employees total compensation and buy with it whatever fringe benefits they give their employees. That process blinds employees to the inroads that their health care makes into their families livelihood.
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