Zone1 White on Black Crime.

[IM2]

All ethnicities face stress, albeit for different reasons. I believe black stress is more of an economic thing than anything else. Of course, we have to study the different black economic classes to be sure.

The economic stress is caused by white racism. A sudy was done regarding that.

"results from previous studies that have documented that Black Americans in high status positions report greater exposure to interpersonal discrimination. This increased exposure, coupled with potential pressures to assimilate and to defy negative racist stereotypes, may in turn place high status Blacks at greater risk for adverse health outcomes."

Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States

There is a growing research literature suggesting that racism is an important risk factor undermining the health of Blacks in the United States. Racis…

www.sciencedirect.com

 

[Lisa558]

Although IM2 likes to blame everything on racism, the higher prevalence of heart disease has many causes, including:

1) blacks smoke more
2) they have higher rates of obesity
3) they have higher rates of diabetes
4) there is a genetic lipid disorder more common in blacks
5) they get less physical exercise than whites
6) their diet contains more fats, sugars, and sodium
7) due to lower incomes, they have poorer access to good health care

Much of this is within blacks’ own control: stop smoking, lose or maintain a healthy weight, exercise more, and improve your diet.

Heart Disease in African Americans: What You Need to Know

We discuss why African Americans may develop heart disease earlier and have worse outcomes, as well as provide info on prevention and management.

www.healthline.com

 

[Woodznutz]

Facts supported by studies such as what I have shown. Racism causes chronic stress. You wouldn't know anything about this because you have never faced racism The continuing racism blacks face keeps blacks stressed out and creates chemical imbalances within our bodies, causing many health problems.

Studies show that consistent exposure to adversity and marginalization causes early health declines in black Americans. Racism is a stressor that triggers the body into allostasis or better understood, racism forces the body to adapt to stress. Allostasis is the process that helps us adapt to stress. Allostatic load is compiled damage to the body due to constant pressure. Such stress leads to allostatic overload, which is the point when the overall amount of stress causes health problems or death. For example, allostatic processes lead to increases in blood pressure, a leading cause of death in the black community.

So no I'm not leaving racism out of anything. When you turn black and live, I'll consider your opinion.

True that racism can cause stress, but stress doesn't have to negatively affect behavior and lifestyle, which is the real problem in the black community, as per this report. Note that the report is authored by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation.

https://www.cbcfinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Black-Health-and-Black-Wealth_v2.pdf

However, it is interesting to note that the study places the job of addressing the issues described therein entirely on the other-than-black community. Not a single mention of the need for self-motivated behavioral changes by blacks themselves.

 

[Woodznutz]

Unkotare,
So, studying problems is of no value?

 

[Woodznutz]

Although IM2 likes to blame everything on racism, the higher prevalence of heart disease has many causes, including:

1) blacks smoke more
2) they have higher rates of obesity
3) they have higher rates of diabetes
4) there is a genetic lipid disorder more common in blacks
5) they get less physical exercise than whites
6) their diet contains more fats, sugars, and sodium
7) due to lower incomes, they have poorer access to good health care

Much of this is within blacks’ own control: stop smoking, lose or maintain a healthy weight, exercise more, and improve your diet.

Heart Disease in African Americans: What You Need to Know

We discuss why African Americans may develop heart disease earlier and have worse outcomes, as well as provide info on prevention and management.

www.healthline.com

I had an Indian lady tenant that sold her car (maintenance was breaking her) and walked to two different stores for her groceries. One was 1 1/2 mile away, the other, a store that sold ethnic Indian foods, was also 1 1/2 miles away in the other direction. She transported her groceries in one of those two-wheeled wire basket/cart thingies. She did this for years. I once asked her why she didn't take the bus (which was inexpensive), which stopped right at both stores; she said she needed the exercise. She did this each week, winter and summer, for years. She also walked to her job.

 

[Woodznutz]

The economic stress is caused by white racism. A sudy was done regarding that.

"results from previous studies that have documented that Black Americans in high status positions report greater exposure to interpersonal discrimination. This increased exposure, coupled with potential pressures to assimilate and to defy negative racist stereotypes, may in turn place high status Blacks at greater risk for adverse health outcomes."

Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States

There is a growing research literature suggesting that racism is an important risk factor undermining the health of Blacks in the United States. Racis…

www.sciencedirect.com

Does economic stress cause black women to spend extravagantly on personal appearance? Did you know that most black women wouldn't be caught dead looking like most white women, especially their hair.

Black Women Make Up Nearly 90% Of Ethnic Hair & Beauty Market

Black beauty is big business.

news.sadiaa.com

And how does racism cause blacks to drink, smoke, and use drugs? How does adding more problems to one's life help?

 

[IM2]

Does economic stress cause black women to spend extravagantly on personal appearance? Did you know that most black women wouldn't be caught dead looking like most white women, especially their hair.

Black Women Make Up Nearly 90% Of Ethnic Hair & Beauty Market

Black beauty is big business.

news.sadiaa.com

And how does racism cause blacks to drink, smoke, and use drugs? How does adding more problems to one's life help?

Why do whites like you think you can question what black people say about things based on what we face? All women spend huge money on personal appearance. Whites drink, smoke and do drugs and do so more than blacks. So until you live in a black body and experience what constant white racism does to your body, stop asking stupid questions. Racism causes stress and when the stressor never ends a lot of things happen.

 

[IM2]

True that racism can cause stress, but stress doesn't have to negatively affect behavior and lifestyle, which is the real problem in the black community, as per this report. Note that the report is authored by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation.

https://www.cbcfinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Black-Health-and-Black-Wealth_v2.pdf

However, it is interesting to note that the study places the job of addressing the issues described therein entirely on the other-than-black community. Not a single mention of the need for self-motivated behavioral changes by blacks themselves.

The report did not say lifestyles and the CBC are not medical professionals.

“Racism is part of the fabric of life for African Americans and is among the causes of enduring negative health outcomes. There is really nothing new or startling in the assertion that social circumstances encountered as part of day-to-day experience influence physical health. At the turn of the last century, W. E. B. Du Bois (1906) and Kelly Miller (1897) proposed in separate manuscripts that oppressive social conditions encroaching on the lives of African Americans contributed to poor health and premature death.

Fifty years later, Frantz Fanon’s classic studies (1967, 1968) examined the effects of oppression and included a recognition of “psychosomatic”—that is physical—consequences. Currently, social epidemiologists, health psychologists, and medical sociologists have extended the insights of these important early scholars by showing how racism generates systems and practices that contribute to persistent disparities in health outcomes.

Estimates indicate that the failure to erase these disparities costs tens of thousands of African American lives each year. As long as the rates of the leading causes of death differ along racial lines, the specter of racism will haunt the United States. The persistence of racial health disparities and of racism in any form calls scholars, therapists, activists, and political leaders to vigorous action.”

Camara Jules P. Harrell, Tanisha I. Burford, Brandi N. Cage, Travette McNair Nelson, Sheronda Shearon, Adrian Thompson, and StevenGreen, Multiple Pathways Linking Racism to Health Outcomes
“Racism and associated trauma and violence contribute to mental health disorders, particularly depression, anxiety and PTSD, and chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, maternal mortality/infant mortality and morbidity in African Americans. Racism is considered a fundamental cause of adverse health outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities and racial/ethnic inequities in health. The primary domains of racism - structural/institutional racism, cultural racism, and individual-level discrimination— are linked to mental and physical health outcomes. Racism and violence targeting a specific community is increasingly associated with complex trauma and intergenerational trauma, all of which have physical and behavioral health consequences.”
SAMHSA’s Office of Behavioral Health Equity,“Trauma, Racism, Chronic Stress and the Health of Black Americans.” June 3, 2020

“Bryant-Davis and Ocampo (2005) noted similar courses of psychopathology between rape victims and victims of racism. Both events are an assault on the personhood and integrity of the victim. Similar to rape victims, race-related trauma victims may respond with disbelief, shock, or dissociation, which can prevent them from responding to the incident in a healthy manner. The victim may then feel shame and self-blame because they were unable to respond or defend themselves, which may lead to low self-concept and self-destructive behaviors. In the same study, a parallel was drawn between race-related trauma victims and victims of domestic violence. Both survivors are made to feel shame over allowing themselves to be victimized. For instance, someone who may have experienced a racist incident may be told that if they are polite, work hard, and/or dress in a certain way, they will not encounter racism. When these rules are followed yet racism persists, powerlessness, hyper vigilance, and other symptoms associated with PTSD may develop or worsen.”
“On occasion, the emotional weight of racism can lead African Americans to engage in maladaptive coping, such as remaining in denial, engaging in substance use, aggression, self-blame – even in extreme cases suicide (i.e., Black Lives Matter activist Marshawn McCarrel) and terrorism (i.e., Dallas shooter Micah Xavier Johnson). These responses are harmful and lead to negative, long-term consequences.”

Ryan C.T. DeLapp, MA, and Monnica T. Williams, Ph.D., “Proactively Coping With Racism, Getting back to our lives in the aftermath of racial violence in the media.”, Psychology Today, July 18, 2016

I can keep going. The root cause of the problems blacks face is white racism. No white person can or will tell me different. I have studied it, you cherrypicked something from the CBC to claim that since somebody black supposedly said what you believe that your opinion as a person who has never been black has to be right.

But it's not.

 

[IM2]

Although IM2 likes to blame everything on racism, the higher prevalence of heart disease has many causes, including:

1) blacks smoke more
2) they have higher rates of obesity
3) they have higher rates of diabetes
4) there is a genetic lipid disorder more common in blacks
5) they get less physical exercise than whites
6) their diet contains more fats, sugars, and sodium
7) due to lower incomes, they have poorer access to good health care

Much of this is within blacks’ own control: stop smoking, lose or maintain a healthy weight, exercise more, and improve your diet.

Heart Disease in African Americans: What You Need to Know

We discuss why African Americans may develop heart disease earlier and have worse outcomes, as well as provide info on prevention and management.

www.healthline.com

All of this is incorrect except #7.

 

[miketx]

85 percent of whites who are killed each year are killed by another white person. The majority of all crime in America is INTRARACIAL, not interracial. I keep reading posts by those who make claims about black on white crime. But you see there is a major problem with that thinking.

In 2014, “Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States,” a study by Alicia Lukachko, Mark Hatzenbuehler, & Katherine Keyes, was published in Social Science and Medicine Journal. Their research showed that structural racism was one cause of heart attacks in black people. “This study demonstrates adverse effects of structural racism— specifically state-level racial disparities disadvantaging Blacks in political representation, employment, and incarceration —on past 12-month myocardial infarction. These adverse effects, however, were specific to Blacks, and among Whites, indicators of structural racism appear to have a benign or even beneficial effect on cardiac health. It is important to note that individual-level risk factors including age, sex, education, income, and medical insurance do not account for these findings".

Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States

There is a growing research literature suggesting that racism is an important risk factor undermining the health of Blacks in the United States. Racis…

www.sciencedirect.com

On June 3, 2020, SAMHSA’s Office of Behavioral Health Equity published a report titled, “Trauma, Racism, Chronic Stress and the Health of Black Americans.” They found that racism contributed to poor mental health and chronic physical health problems. “Racism and associated trauma and violence contribute to mental health disorders, particularly depression, anxiety and PTSD, and chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, maternal mortality/infant mortality and morbidity in African Americans. Racism is considered a fundamental cause of adverse health outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities and racial/ethnic inequities in health. The primary domains of racism - structural/institutional racism, cultural racism, and individual-level discrimination— are linked to mental and physical health outcomes. Racism and violence targeting a specific community is increasingly associated with complex trauma and intergenerational trauma, all of which have physical and behavioral health consequences."

https://www.mhanational.org/sites/default/files/AfricanAmericansRaceViolenceandHealth%20SAMHSA%20OBHE%20%206.3.20.pdf

Rav Arora wrote an article for the NY Post 2020 titled, “These Black Lives Didn’t Seem To Matter In 2020.” He points out that over 8,600 blacks were killed in 2020 and that 90 percent of those were killed by another black. He then goes on to say this: “Since more than 90 percent of black homicide victims are killed by black offenders, the ghost of endemic white supremacy cannot be invoked to push racial grievance narratives. As a result, the media turns a blind eye. Black lives only seem to matter when racism is involved.”

These black lives didn’t seem to matter in 2020

In 2020, every major institution in the United States — including social-media platforms, sports leagues, universities, Hollywood, and major corporations — pledged their allegiance to the “Black Li…

nypost.com

Arora is right; the media, including him, turn a blind eye to the biggest killer of black people. For years we as black people have heard the constant lectures about black-on-black crime. For years we as black people have heard the constant lectures about black-on-black crime.

Arora cites 8,600 homicides of blacks, with ninety percent of those homicides committed by other blacks and believes he is making a compelling argument while calling out black organizations to take responsibility for what he views as THE problem in the black community. But when we talk about what the media doesn't show, or stats that get ignored there is this..

According to the American Heart Association, hypertension-related deaths in the black community increased from 171,259 to 270,839 annually from 2000-2018.

High blood pressure increasingly deadly for Black people

Black people experience a twofold higher mortality rate from high blood pressure, the often-called "silent killer," a new study shows.

www.heart.org

These numbers are twenty and thirty-one times the number of blacks who were murdered in ways that “bother” people like Arora. Most of these people died from hypertension caused by the stress of living with white racism. Racism was outlawed on paper during the 1960's. That makes racism a crime. Racism is a crime that continues to be perpetrated against blacks and all people of color in the United States. According to Arora, at least 90 percent of those 8,600 murders of blacks were by blacks. If you use Aroras claim as the basis, at least 7,740 blacks were killed by other blacks in 2020. He and others claim this is a number that blacks must immediately address.

More than 270,000 blacks died due to hypertension in 2020, judging by the trends shown by the American Heart Association. If we are generous and conclude that just ten percent of these deaths are directly attributed to racist actions by whites, over 27,000 such deaths in 2020 were caused by white racism. That means 3.5 times more black people died from stress induced by white racism than blacks murdering each other on the streets of America and approximately 70 times more than blacks who killed whites. THAT, is white-on-black crime.

I think whites need to kill more blacks so they cain't steal our bikes.

 

[IM2]

Take notes Lisa because your simple minded assessment is not based on rigorous study.

Studies show that consistent exposure to adversity and marginalization causes early health declines in black Americans. Racism is a stressor that triggers the body into allostasis or better understood, racism forces the body to adapt to stress. Allostasis is the process that helps us adapt to stress. Allostatic load is compiled damage to the body due to constant pressure. Such stress leads to allostatic overload, which is the point when the overall amount of stress causes health problems or death. For example, allostatic processes lead to increases in blood pressure, a leading cause of death in the black community. Allostatic overload created by stress caused due to constant exposure to racism increases the occurrences of heart attacks in blacks.

Now go study what allostasis is and learn something instead of posting anti black bile based only on bias. Because if blacks did not exercise as much as whites, there'd be more whites in the various sports.

 

[Lisa558]

All of this is incorrect except #7.

No, they’re all correct - obesity, diabetes, poor diet, etc., all more prevalent among blacks. Of course you deny that because…. horrors….it puts some responsibility on blacks for their own behavior that leads to poor health outcomes.

 

[Lisa558]

Take notes Lisa because your simple minded assessment is not based on rigorous study.

Studies show that consistent exposure to adversity and marginalization causes early health declines in black Americans. Racism is a stressor that triggers the body into allostasis or better understood, racism forces the body to adapt to stress. Allostasis is the process that helps us adapt to stress. Allostatic load is compiled damage to the body due to constant pressure. Such stress leads to allostatic overload, which is the point when the overall amount of stress causes health problems or death. For example, allostatic processes lead to increases in blood pressure, a leading cause of death in the black community. Allostatic overload created by stress caused due to constant exposure to racism increases the occurrences of heart attacks in blacks.

Now go study what allostasis is and learn something instead of posting anti black bile based only on bias. Because if blacks did not exercise as much as whites, there'd be more whites in the various sports.

That’s just ONE contributor to heart disease.

I gave you a list of many others, all under the control of blacks themselves: smoking, obesity, too much sodium in the diet, etc., all more prevalent among blacks.

Stop blaming everything on racism. To hear you talk, it’s like blacks are completely blameless for everything.

 

[IM2]

I'm not arguing about this with ignorant whites who don't know what they are talking about.

 

[miketx]

Take notes Lisa because your simple minded assessment is not based on rigorous study.

Studies show that consistent exposure to adversity and marginalization causes early health declines in black Americans. Racism is a stressor that triggers the body into allostasis or better understood, racism forces the body to adapt to stress. Allostasis is the process that helps us adapt to stress. Allostatic load is compiled damage to the body due to constant pressure. Such stress leads to allostatic overload, which is the point when the overall amount of stress causes health problems or death. For example, allostatic processes lead to increases in blood pressure, a leading cause of death in the black community. Allostatic overload created by stress caused due to constant exposure to racism increases the occurrences of heart attacks in blacks.

Now go study what allostasis is and learn something instead of posting anti black bile based only on bias. Because if blacks did not exercise as much as whites, there'd be more whites in the various sports.

Steal bike kneegrow.

 

[AZrailwhale]

I'm not arguing about this with ignorant whites who don't know what they are talking about.

Oh god, now we are ignorant for disagreeing with you. Is calling us ignorant better or worse than you calling us racists for disagreeing with you? You need to get a new schtick, this poor me, whitey hates me one is really getting old.

 

[IM2]

“This study demonstrates adverse effects of structural racism— specifically state-level racial disparities disadvantaging Blacks in political representation, employment, and incarceration —on past 12-month myocardial infarction. These adverse effects, however, were specific to Blacks, and among Whites, indicators of structural racism appear to have a benign or even beneficial effect on cardiac health. It is important to note that individual-level risk factors including age, sex, education, income, and medical insurance do not account for these findings. Furthermore, lending support to the construct validity of our measures of structural racism, the effects persist above and beyond those of state-level racial disparities in poverty.

Measures of structural racism pertaining to job status did not follow the expected pattern of association, and were inversely associated with myocardial infarction among Blacks. While this finding was unexpected, it is in line with results from previous studies that have documented that Black Americans in high status positions report greater exposure to interpersonal discrimination. This increased exposure, coupled with potential pressures to assimilate and to defy negative racist stereotypes, may in turn place high status Blacks at greater risk for adverse health outcomes. Our results similarly suggest that Black Americans in states with greater representation of Blacks in high status positions are at higher risk for heart attack.

Alicia Lukachko, Mark Hatzenbuehler, & Katherine Keyes, “Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States,” Social Science and Medicine Journal, Volume 103, February 2014, Pages 42-50

 

[IM2]

Physiological & Psychological Impact of Racism and Discrimination for African-Americans​

On Feb. 1, 1960, four stools at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., sparked national media attention and lead to hundreds of subsequent sit-ins across the country. The immediate and impactful influence that these four African-American students had on the non-violence movement during the civil rights era is frequently praised, particularly during Black History Month. However, the enormous personal stress that they likely experienced as they occupied those stools is less often considered. In honor of the four African-American students and African-Americans across the diaspora, the Ethnicity and Health in America Series is raising awareness about the physiological and psychological impact of racism and discrimination as it relates to stress. The chronic condition of stress was selected because of its prevalence and impact on health within health disparity population groups (e.g., people of color), and their high association with many other chronic diseases.

Although the chronic condition of stress can have negative side effects on all persons, the unique psycho-social and contextual factors, specifically the common and pervasive exposure to racism and discrimination, creates an additional daily stressor for African-Americans. Often, African-Americans do not realize daily stressors that may affect their psychological or physiological health and so we have compiled a collection of articles and additional resources to understand the health effects that result from exposure and perception of racism and discrimination.

Physiological and Psychological Impact of Racism and Discrimination for African-Americans

The Ethnicity and Health in America Series is raising awareness about the physiological and psychological impact of racism and discrimination as it relates to stress during Black History Month.

www.apa.org

 

[IM2]

Systematic Review: The Association Between Race-Related Stress and Trauma and Emotion Dysregulation in Youth of Color​

Erika L. Roach, MA, Stephanie L. Haft, MA, Jingtong Huang, BA, Qing Zhou, PhD
Published:April 28, 2022

Objective​

This systematic review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the relations between race-related stress and trauma (RST) and emotion dysregulation, synthesize empirical research examining these associations in youth of color, and discuss clinical implications.

Conclusion​

Results consistently demonstrated that greater exposure to RST is related to greater emotion dysregulation and decreased wellbeing in youth of color. These findings suggest that clinicians should incorporate the role of RST in case conceptualizations and treatment plans for this population. Future research should use multidimensional measures of RST and include experimental studies to examine the causal relationship between RST and emotion dysregulation.

The deleterious health effects of adverse childhood experiences are well documented. Children and adolescents belonging to communities of color (hereafter, “youth of color” [YOC]) are at especially heightened risk for stress and trauma exposure. These youth frequently encounter race-related stress and trauma (RST)—a broad term encompassing racially discriminatory experiences such as overt racism, racial stereotyping, and racial microaggressions. These experiences may vary in severity—from daily slights to racial violence—and can occur at both the individual and system/institutional levels. Grounded in decades of empirical and theoretical literature, the Race-Based Traumatic Stress (RBTS) model theorizes that these racist incidents prompt stress responses and are linked to emotional symptoms and psychological dysfunction.

Discussion​

The detrimental effects of RST are widely recognized, yet a clear demonstration of the relations between RST and emotion dysregulation has yet to be undertaken in a systematic manner. The aim of this systematic review was to examine associations between RST and emotion dysregulation in YOC 5 to 24 years of age. The present findings align with the general pattern reported in prior reviews and the RBST model whereby greater exposure to RST is associated with decreased child and adolescent wellbeing and increased maladjustment. The results lend empirical support to the notion that greater exposure to RST is related to a variety of manifestations of emotion dysregulation, including emotional reactivity, loss of emotional control, rumination, aggression, and anger. Findings suggest these relationships are moderated by types of coping (cognitive reappraisal, John Henryism), biological factors (heart rate variability), and identity factors (racial socialization, ethnic identity). Furthermore, RST is related to several health and wellbeing outcomes (eg, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, substance use) through its relations with emotion dysregulation.

https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(22)00212-X/fulltext

Race related stress and trauma. White racists ignore this, but it is the result of white racism on those who face it. This is why I will continue to say, THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE PROBLEMS BLACKS FACE IS WHITE RACISM .

 

[IM2]

Physiological Responses to Racism and Discrimination: An Assessment of the Evidence​

Jules P. Harrell, PhD, Sadiki Hall, BA, and James Taliaferro, BA

A growing body of research explores the impact of encounters with racism or discrimination on physiological activity. Investigators have collected these data in laboratories and in controlled clinical settings. Several but not all of the studies suggest that higher blood pressure levels are associated with the tendency not to recall or report occurrences identified as racist and discriminatory.

Investigators have reported that physiological arousal is associated with laboratory analogues of ethnic discrimination and mistreatment. Evidence from survey and laboratory studies suggests that personality variables and cultural orientation moderate the impact of racial discrimination. The neural pathways that mediate these physiological reactions are not known.

The evidence supports the notion that *direct encounters with discriminatory events contribute to negative health outcomes.

Physiological Responses to Racism and Discrimination: An Assessment of the Evidence

A growing body of research explores the impact of encounters with racism or discrimination on physiological activity. Investigators have collected these data in laboratories and in controlled clinical settings. Several but not all of the studies suggest ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

*White on black crime.