How one beach city's racial reckoning is putting California's racist history front and center

[RoshawnMarkwees]

Perhaps the Bruce family will turn the park into a homeless camp.

Too late

 

[monkrules]

Just another giveaway to blacks. He'll the government is always taking property using eminent domain. But they never give it back. Not to white folks, that is.

 

[Mac-7]

We constantly hear the same refrain from the resident racists here on U.S. Message Board how incidents we often site "happened so long ago" and/or that it didn't directly impact any of us, subsequently dismissing them as irrelevant.

Well this article illustrates how this incident which occurred over 100 years ago resulted in a continuing harm that I am so very pleased to hear, is going to be redressed. The actions and reactions of those responsible for the hostility and harassment directed at this family is standard operating procedure for white supremacists, both in and out of government.

How one beach city's racial reckoning is putting California's racist history front and center
“Returning Bruce’s Beach would certainly repair the damage done to Charles and Willa’s family who lost out on generational wealth, but it can never repair the trauma inflicted by the KKK," a family spokesman said.

A photo of Charles and Willa Bruce is attached to a plaque marking Bruce's Beach in Manhattan Beach, Calif., on April 19, 2021.Mario Tama / Getty Images


April 20, 2021, 8:40 AM PDT
By Alicia Victoria Lozano
LOS ANGELES - The ancestors of a Black family forced out of business nearly 100 years ago by officials of a wealthy coastal city south of Los Angeles are on the verge of recouping what once belonged to them.
On Tuesday, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors will vote on two motions that would begin the process of transferring beachfront property to the descendants of Charles and Willa Bruce, whose once-thriving resort in affluent Manhattan Beach was taken under eminent domain in 1924. A statewide bill was also introduced earlier this month that will allow Los Angeles County to return the land to the Bruce family's descendants.

Returning Bruce’s Beach to the family that first developed the land is part of California’s broader push toward reckoning with its checkered past, which also includes reforming the criminal justice system and creating a pathway for reparation payments to descendants of slaves.
“People are looking at different kinds of ways to not just to rectify the racial injustice that happened last year [when George Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police], but the racial injustice that's been going on in the United States for years,” historian Alison Rose Jefferson said. “We’re at a time where we have more people in power who are willing to think about this as an option.”

Bruce's Beach in Manhattan Beach, Calif.Dean Musgrove / The Orange County Register via AP

In addition to a statewide bill that would remove legal barriers to returning the beachfront property to the Bruce family, California lawmakers are also weighing multiple proposals aimed at recalibrating the criminal justice system. This includes creating a pathway to decertify police officers who commit serious misconduct or violate a person’s civil rights. The amended bill, which was first introduced in 2019 by state Sen. Steven Bradford, a Democrat from Gardena, is named after a 25-year-old Black man who was shot and killed by police in 2018.

Bradford is also behind other reform efforts, including the creation of a cannabis equity program that would funnel millions in grant money to communities disproportionately affected by the so-called war on drugs. Bradford was appointed in February to a task force that will study and develop reparation proposals for Black Californians descended from slaves. In a statement issued at the time of his appointment to the task force, he said this is not just about slavery, but about “paying back a debt to those who have been mistreated for so long.”

“Never has the trauma of four million enslaved people and their descendants and the impact it continues to have been meaningfully acknowledged or addressed by our nation,” he said. “The consequences of these actions are felt today in many forms, not the least of which are the major disparities in life outcomes such as economic opportunity and quality of health care.”

Last year, California officials weighed a bill that would have encouraged public spaces, including parks, libraries and museums, to add statements acknowledging the institutions were “founded upon exclusions and erasures of many Indigenous peoples.” The bill passed in the state Assembly but later died in the Senate.
In Southern California, Bruce’s Beach, now commemorated by a plaque in the middle of a lush green park near the original beachfront property, has long stood as a reminder of Manhattan Beach’s dubious history. Wedged between residential streets, the park offers impressive views of the Pacific Ocean and one of the few green spaces in an otherwise heavily developed beach haven for wealthy residents, less than 1 percent of whom are Black, according to census data.

The parcel of land once owned by the Bruces was transferred to the state and then to Los Angeles County in 1995. It currently houses the Lifeguard Training Center.
Charles and Willa Bruce first purchased their land in 1912 just as Manhattan Beach was becoming a popular destination for people from all over Southern California. Trolleys and trains carried passengers from as far as Pasadena, some 30 miles away near the San Gabriel Mountains. Their vision had been to build a coastal oasis where Black families could swim and mingle without being targeted or harassed.
“They were pioneers,” Jefferson said. “It was successful from day one and the African Americans there were harassed from day one.”

The resort included everything typical of a beach getaway - a changing room, dining room, residences and even a dancing hall. Willa Bruce ran the popular cafe and entertainment offerings while her husband worked as a chef on a train dining car. They purchased the land for $1,225.

Despite being located on a remote part of the coast, the Bruces were targeted by the Ku Klux Klan and other racist locals. City ordinances were passed to make it more difficult for outsiders to visit the beach, including making it illegal to change clothes in a car or park for more than one hour, Jefferson said. The KKK slashed tires and even left a burning mattress outside a property belonging to the Bruce family. Similar harassment was experienced in other parts of the county, including a Santa Monica beach pejoratively dubbed Inkwell, according to Jefferson.

Willa Bruce Los Angeles Times article clipping, 1912.Courtesy Bruce Family

In 1924, Manhattan Beach city officials seized the Bruces’ land under eminent domain, which was also invoked to take property from Japanese people across the state and Latino families who lived in the area near what is now home to Dodger Stadium.

The Bruce family attempted to fight the city and ultimately lost, winning just $14,500 for their beachfront land.
“I learned to swim just a couple of blocks from Bruce’s Beach,” said Los Angeles County Supervisor Janice Hahn, who co-authored the two motions being considered Tuesday. “I’m embarrassed that I didn’t know the story and how much pain it caused the Bruce family and how much pain it has caused other African Americans who did know the story and felt like there wasn’t going to be any righting of this wrong.”

After their land was taken, the Bruce family moved to the city of Los Angeles and eventually out of the state. Their descendants are now scattered throughout the country, some living at or below the poverty line despite once owning land that is now thought to be worth several millions of dollars, said Chief Duane Yellow Feather Shepard, family spokesman and a distant relative of Charles and Willa Bruce.

Bruce family 2018 reunion in Bruce's Beach, Ca.Courtesy Bruce Family

Shepard, chief of the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation, is now working with other family members to track down descendants of relatives enslaved on various plantations throughout the country. Through these efforts, the family has reunited long lost connections but also been forced to face the lasting trauma of slavery in the United States.

“It’s traumatic to families to not know their history,” he said. “Returning Bruce’s Beach would certainly repair the damage done to Charles and Willa’s family who lost out on generational wealth, but it can never repair the trauma inflicted by the KKK.”

Manhattan Beach city officials said they will not offer a formal apology to the family despite repeated pleas from Hahn, county leaders and many residents. Instead, City Council members adopted a resolution earlier this month acknowledging and condemning the city’s past action and agreeing to install new historical markers at the site.

The city’s refusal to apologize underscores the tension between reckoning with injustice and finding a path forward, according to Vilma Ortiz, sociology professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.

“Apologies are a really important first step. They show acknowledgment that things happened that were wrong and it suggests people are going to change,” she said. “Apologies are good but they’re not enough.”

Offhand I’m inclined to agree that the black family got a raw deal

But when has that never been the case when government seizes land under imminent domain?

Countless asians, whites, indians and others have rndured the same fate

 

[RoshawnMarkwees]

We constantly hear the same refrain from the resident racists here on U.S. Message Board how incidents we often site "happened so long ago" and/or that it didn't directly impact any of us, subsequently dismissing them as irrelevant.

Well this article illustrates how this incident which occurred over 100 years ago resulted in a continuing harm that I am so very pleased to hear, is going to be redressed. The actions and reactions of those responsible for the hostility and harassment directed at this family is standard operating procedure for white supremacists, both in and out of government.

How one beach city's racial reckoning is putting California's racist history front and center
“Returning Bruce’s Beach would certainly repair the damage done to Charles and Willa’s family who lost out on generational wealth, but it can never repair the trauma inflicted by the KKK," a family spokesman said.

A photo of Charles and Willa Bruce is attached to a plaque marking Bruce's Beach in Manhattan Beach, Calif., on April 19, 2021.Mario Tama / Getty Images


April 20, 2021, 8:40 AM PDT
By Alicia Victoria Lozano
LOS ANGELES - The ancestors of a Black family forced out of business nearly 100 years ago by officials of a wealthy coastal city south of Los Angeles are on the verge of recouping what once belonged to them.
On Tuesday, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors will vote on two motions that would begin the process of transferring beachfront property to the descendants of Charles and Willa Bruce, whose once-thriving resort in affluent Manhattan Beach was taken under eminent domain in 1924. A statewide bill was also introduced earlier this month that will allow Los Angeles County to return the land to the Bruce family's descendants.

Returning Bruce’s Beach to the family that first developed the land is part of California’s broader push toward reckoning with its checkered past, which also includes reforming the criminal justice system and creating a pathway for reparation payments to descendants of slaves.
“People are looking at different kinds of ways to not just to rectify the racial injustice that happened last year [when George Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police], but the racial injustice that's been going on in the United States for years,” historian Alison Rose Jefferson said. “We’re at a time where we have more people in power who are willing to think about this as an option.”

Bruce's Beach in Manhattan Beach, Calif.Dean Musgrove / The Orange County Register via AP

In addition to a statewide bill that would remove legal barriers to returning the beachfront property to the Bruce family, California lawmakers are also weighing multiple proposals aimed at recalibrating the criminal justice system. This includes creating a pathway to decertify police officers who commit serious misconduct or violate a person’s civil rights. The amended bill, which was first introduced in 2019 by state Sen. Steven Bradford, a Democrat from Gardena, is named after a 25-year-old Black man who was shot and killed by police in 2018.

Bradford is also behind other reform efforts, including the creation of a cannabis equity program that would funnel millions in grant money to communities disproportionately affected by the so-called war on drugs. Bradford was appointed in February to a task force that will study and develop reparation proposals for Black Californians descended from slaves. In a statement issued at the time of his appointment to the task force, he said this is not just about slavery, but about “paying back a debt to those who have been mistreated for so long.”

“Never has the trauma of four million enslaved people and their descendants and the impact it continues to have been meaningfully acknowledged or addressed by our nation,” he said. “The consequences of these actions are felt today in many forms, not the least of which are the major disparities in life outcomes such as economic opportunity and quality of health care.”

Last year, California officials weighed a bill that would have encouraged public spaces, including parks, libraries and museums, to add statements acknowledging the institutions were “founded upon exclusions and erasures of many Indigenous peoples.” The bill passed in the state Assembly but later died in the Senate.
In Southern California, Bruce’s Beach, now commemorated by a plaque in the middle of a lush green park near the original beachfront property, has long stood as a reminder of Manhattan Beach’s dubious history. Wedged between residential streets, the park offers impressive views of the Pacific Ocean and one of the few green spaces in an otherwise heavily developed beach haven for wealthy residents, less than 1 percent of whom are Black, according to census data.

The parcel of land once owned by the Bruces was transferred to the state and then to Los Angeles County in 1995. It currently houses the Lifeguard Training Center.
Charles and Willa Bruce first purchased their land in 1912 just as Manhattan Beach was becoming a popular destination for people from all over Southern California. Trolleys and trains carried passengers from as far as Pasadena, some 30 miles away near the San Gabriel Mountains. Their vision had been to build a coastal oasis where Black families could swim and mingle without being targeted or harassed.
“They were pioneers,” Jefferson said. “It was successful from day one and the African Americans there were harassed from day one.”

The resort included everything typical of a beach getaway - a changing room, dining room, residences and even a dancing hall. Willa Bruce ran the popular cafe and entertainment offerings while her husband worked as a chef on a train dining car. They purchased the land for $1,225.

Despite being located on a remote part of the coast, the Bruces were targeted by the Ku Klux Klan and other racist locals. City ordinances were passed to make it more difficult for outsiders to visit the beach, including making it illegal to change clothes in a car or park for more than one hour, Jefferson said. The KKK slashed tires and even left a burning mattress outside a property belonging to the Bruce family. Similar harassment was experienced in other parts of the county, including a Santa Monica beach pejoratively dubbed Inkwell, according to Jefferson.

Willa Bruce Los Angeles Times article clipping, 1912.Courtesy Bruce Family

In 1924, Manhattan Beach city officials seized the Bruces’ land under eminent domain, which was also invoked to take property from Japanese people across the state and Latino families who lived in the area near what is now home to Dodger Stadium.

The Bruce family attempted to fight the city and ultimately lost, winning just $14,500 for their beachfront land.
“I learned to swim just a couple of blocks from Bruce’s Beach,” said Los Angeles County Supervisor Janice Hahn, who co-authored the two motions being considered Tuesday. “I’m embarrassed that I didn’t know the story and how much pain it caused the Bruce family and how much pain it has caused other African Americans who did know the story and felt like there wasn’t going to be any righting of this wrong.”

After their land was taken, the Bruce family moved to the city of Los Angeles and eventually out of the state. Their descendants are now scattered throughout the country, some living at or below the poverty line despite once owning land that is now thought to be worth several millions of dollars, said Chief Duane Yellow Feather Shepard, family spokesman and a distant relative of Charles and Willa Bruce.

Bruce family 2018 reunion in Bruce's Beach, Ca.Courtesy Bruce Family

Shepard, chief of the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation, is now working with other family members to track down descendants of relatives enslaved on various plantations throughout the country. Through these efforts, the family has reunited long lost connections but also been forced to face the lasting trauma of slavery in the United States.

“It’s traumatic to families to not know their history,” he said. “Returning Bruce’s Beach would certainly repair the damage done to Charles and Willa’s family who lost out on generational wealth, but it can never repair the trauma inflicted by the KKK.”

Manhattan Beach city officials said they will not offer a formal apology to the family despite repeated pleas from Hahn, county leaders and many residents. Instead, City Council members adopted a resolution earlier this month acknowledging and condemning the city’s past action and agreeing to install new historical markers at the site.

The city’s refusal to apologize underscores the tension between reckoning with injustice and finding a path forward, according to Vilma Ortiz, sociology professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.

“Apologies are a really important first step. They show acknowledgment that things happened that were wrong and it suggests people are going to change,” she said. “Apologies are good but they’re not enough.”

Offhand I’m inclined to agree that the black family got a raw deal

But when has that never been the case when government seizes land under imminent domain?

Countless asians, whites, indians and others have rndured the same fate

The only issues facing black families are exclusively post-great society. Black families were mostly (80%) intact prior to the civil rights era.
Jim Crow and slavery have nothing to do with any issues facing blacks today. Nothing!

 

[Leo123]

Eminent Domain can be used to take any land regardless of skin color. Also the land owner typically gets paid for their land in an Eminent Domain taking. The OP's article is nothing but a hit piece and itself smacks of racism.

 

[harmonica]

NewsVine_Mariyam
blacks are racist TODAY

 

[harmonica]

bodecea he's not racist, he's telling the truth--YOU are the racist

 

[Blackrook]

The white leftists who are doing this have no problem with a dumpster full of dead black babies behind a Planned Parenthood clinic.

 

[IM2]

Offhand I’m inclined to agree that the black family got a raw deal

But when has that never been the case when government seizes land under imminent domain?

Countless asians, whites, indians and others have rndured the same fate

You are ignorant and are trying to argue using the false equivalence.

The Homestead Acts gave away 246 million acres of land. Research shows that 99.73 percent of that land went to whites, including white immigrants. 1.5 million white families were given free land or the equivalent of a minimum of $500,000 per family. Today 93 million whites still live on homestead land, which is at least 40 percent of the white population in America. That land has helped whites accumulate the wealth they have today.

 

[Mac-7]

The Homestead Acts gave away 246 million acres of land. Research shows that 99.73 percent of that land went to whites,

Whites are the ones who traveled a thousand miles in covered wagons and claimed the land

as usual your people failed to take advantage of opportunity

 

[AveryJarhman]

The actions and reactions of those responsible for the hostility and harassment directed at this family is standard operating procedure for white supremacists, both in and out of government.

Hello, my friends. Keeping it REAL, Factual and Respectful. No Hate.

Have responsible, reasonably well adjusted American and foreign-born citizens noticed a large population of American citizens supporting Democratic Party values and ideology, as well as citizens beefing 24/7 about Racism, White Supremacy, White Privilege, ect...

...are the very same APPARENT emotionally troubled citizens choosing to bully, harass, INTIMIDATE, threaten and denigrate as C°°ns, Sêll0uts and Race Tr@!tors, our independent thinking friends, neighbors and co-workers of African descent!

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Sadly, I have to believe some type of mental health issues are affecting large numbers of Americans intentionally choosing to practice Hate and Discrimination toward my conservative minded fellow American citizens whose ONLY OFFENSE is peacefully pursuing *THEIR OWN* unique vision for Life, Liberty (Love) and Happiness.

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Even sadder is the FACT that many citizens choosing to practice divisive family, people, community and Nation harming Intra-Racial Discrimination and Hate, are the same citizens largely responsible for American kids and teens of African descent, SUFFERING, THRU NO FAULT OF THEIR OWN, our Nation's highest rates of potential life scarring Child Neglect, Abuse, Abandonment and Maltreatment.

HTTPS://WWW.FIRSTSTAR.ORG/BLACK-CHILDREN-HAVE-HIGHEST-ABUSE-RATES/ by BlackVoiceNews

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When discussing the notion of White Supremacy or Privilege, do FAIR-MINDED citizens listen to ALL voices or just the voices they choose to hear?

"Are Black People Ready To Talk About Race Hustlers?" by Ms. Vanessa Gothix



"The White Supremacy Promotion Hustle" ~Lenon Honor



"White Privilege Is A Racist Lie" by Ms. Sidni Standard



American man experiences divisive ProBlack community influence during his upbringing:

"I Used To Hate White People - My #WalkAway Story" ~It's Kyou 912,001 views



"Blacks Are Taught To Hate America" ~It's Kyou



ProBlack/BLM Modus Operandi:

https://youtu.be/rBbpqGmOH4w/

ProBlack/BLM Pathology:

https://youtu.be/eZDidIREHNQ/

ProBlack Insanity:

https://youtu.be/-J4f-50J7iM/

If anyone reading this writing believes I am misstating or misrepresenting FACTS, please help educate me by sharing information I may not be aware of.

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Empathy

Empathy is the ability to recognize, understand, and share the thoughts and feelings of another person, animal, or fictional character. Developing empathy is crucial for establishing relationships and behaving compassionately. It involves experiencing another person’s point of view, rather than...

www.psychologytoday.com

Tagged:

"FOLLOW THE SCIENCE"

"MENTAL HEALTH"

"BECOME A HERO" >>>

"REPORT SUSPECTED CHILD ABUSE"

Peace EndHate2021

 

[IM2]

Whites are the ones who traveled a thousand miles in covered wagons and claimed the land

as usual your people failed to take advantage of opportunity

As usual you show an ignorance to reality.

The Homestead Acts were passed in 1862 before the end of slavery. This alone should provide evidence of the limited benefit this act had for blacks in America. The Homestead Act provided that a person had to be a citizen to qualify and blacks were not given citizenship until 1866.

"As early as 1865, certain white Southerners put legal obstacles in place to prevent ex-slaves from acquiring property. Magdol (1977) explains, In the provisional state governments under President Johnson’s protective leniency, planters not only prohibited black landownership but enacted extreme measures of social control that virtually restored slavery. The black codes struck directly at freedmen striving to escape their subordination and to obtain their communities. It was class and race legislation."

Williams, T. (2000). The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history (CSD Working Paper No. 00-9). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. The Homestead Act: A Major Asset-Building Policy in American History pgs 10-12

Why Land Redistribution to Former Slaves Unraveled After the Civil War

A Civil War-era experiment in selling white plantation owners’ land to formerly enslaved people mostly unraveled due to the actions of Southern lawyers, University of Virginia School of Law professor Cynthia Nicoletti explains in the latest episode of “Common Law.”

www.law.virginia.edu

Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction genealogy project

A collection of genealogical profiles related to Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction

www.geni.com

https://www.umbc.edu/che/tahlessons/pdf/The_Freedmens_Bureau_Success_or_Failure(PrinterFriendly).pdf

 

[IM2]

"During a period where many citizens were given public land by the government, Blacks who wanted to be small farm owners had to pay for their land and struggle against obstacles that most of their White counterparts did not. This is especially unsettling given that during the initial phase of the Homestead Act, from 1863-1880, most Blacks had just been freed from slavery, faced active discrimination, and were not in a position to negotiate on equal terms. It was a missed opportunity to not use the Homestead Act as a vehicle for Black self-sufficiency, bringing the freed slaves into the existing economy using existing laws to do something at which they already had some experience. Oliver and Shapiro (1995) argue that outcomes of the Homestead Act are just one of many examples of the racialization of state policy, economic detours to self-employment, and sedimentation of racial inequality that shapes the inequality of wealth between Blacks and whites even today."

Williams, T. (2000). The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history (CSD Working Paper No. 00-9). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. The Homestead Act: A Major Asset-Building Policy in American History pg. 12

 

[K9Buck]

If leftists wanted to be consistent, they would return that land to a Native-American tribe, and then they would move back to their ancestral homeland in Africa, Spain, England, etc.

 

[IM2]

If leftists wanted to be consistent, they would return that land to a Native-American tribe, and then they would move back to their ancestral homeland in Africa, Spain, England, etc.

If rightists want to be consistent, they turn the administration and legislative authority of this country at every level over to native americans and return to Europe.

We were bought over here. And in some cases we were owned by native americans. But in many others we were protected by native americans against white slaveowners trying to recapture runaway slaves.

 

[K9Buck]

If rightists want to be consistent, they turn the administration and legislative authority of this country at every level over to native americans and return to Europe.

Righties aren't the ones telling others to get off land and live somewhere else.

 

[IM2]

Righties aren't the ones telling others to get off land and live somewhere else.

Yes you are. If we don't agree to whitey's version of America the firsrt thing we see is this:

If leftists wanted to be consistent, they would return that land to a Native-American tribe, and then they would move back to their ancestral homeland in Africa, Spain, England, etc.

 

[K9Buck]

Yes you are. If we don't agree to whitey's version of America the firsrt thing we see is this:

If leftists wanted to be consistent, they would return that land to a Native-American tribe, and then they would move back to their ancestral homeland in Africa, Spain, England, etc.

Your reading comprehension needs help.

 

[IM2]

All Rise!

This morings lesson

Would White People PLEASE Shut The Fuck Up Trying to Tell Us How things Were so Much Better for Blacks Before the Civil Rights Act?

Who deemed you saltines experts on the black community? And don't post some retarded shit from Thomas Sowell.

In 1938 During this time of great black 2 parent family morality, the poverty rate for blacks was 80 percent. In 1959, it was 55 percent. These sky high rates of poverty occurred during the time these fools rant abot the black 2 parent family. Today due to the " liberal welfare state breaking up the black family by giving them welfare" black poverty is half of what it was in 1959 and more than 1/3 of what ut was in those grand old glorious days of the two parent black family.

In 1959 poverty for blacks was 55.1 percent. For whites it was White 18.1. Black poverty 3.044198895027624 times that of whites. This is 6 years before the Civil Rights Act and during legalized segregation. In 1966, poverty for Blacks was 41.8 percent. For whites it was 11.3 percent. Black poverty was 3.699115044247788 times that of whites. This is one year after the Civil Rights Act was passed and whites were still trying to figure it out. In 1975, poverty for Blacks was 31.3 percent. For Whites 9.7 percent. Black poverty 3.22680412371134 times that of whites 10 years after the Civil Rights Act was passed. In 1985, poverty for Blacks was 31.3 percent. For Whites 11.4 percent. Black poverty 2.745614035087719 times that of whites 20 years after the civil rights act was passed. One would think that if a real concerted effort had been made by whites relative to hiring and equal pay this would not be the case.

In 2000, Poverty for Blacks was 22.5 percent. For Whites 9.5 percent. Black poverty was 2.368421052631579 times that of whites 35 years after the Civil Rights Act. In 35 years black poverty was still twice that of whites and had decreased basically by less than a point from 1959. Therefore one can reasonably conclude that either programs and policies designed to lower poverty in the black community did not work, or the necessary effort and emphasis was not placed in trying to do what it takes to lower poverty in the black community so that it is at least comparable to that of whites.

In 2014, Poverty for Blacks was 26.2 percent. For Whites 12.7 percent. 49 years after the Civil Rights Act was passed, Black poverty was 2.062992125984252 times that of whites. Since 1959 this represents approximately .98 of a percentage point decrease in poverty over a 50 year span between blacks and whites. These numbers are cited from the US Department of the census.

According to 2018 US Census Data, the highest poverty rate by race is found among Native Americans (25.4%), with Blacks (20.8%) having the second highest poverty rate, and Hispanics (of any race) having the third highest poverty rate (17.6%). Whites had a poverty rate of 10.1%,

So in 59 years black poverty compared to that of whites dropped less than 1 percent. And it DROPPED during this time these idiots in here talk about how 2 parent black families is the magical elixir. You racists don't know shit. Shut the fuck up!

 

[IM2]

Your reading comprehension needs help.

I read just fine. Your ability to deal with reality needs help.